The Drum Women At Valley Forge - 1841 Words

The book Following the Drum Women at the Valley Forge Encampment gave a very good incite to not just what it was like for the men at Valley Forge, but what it was like for the women who were there. â€Å"In the winter of 1777-8 at Valley Forge there were about one woman of every forty-four men† (Loane 133). I think book stressed that these women were incredibly helpful in the effort to rebuild this army through the rough winter, no matter what their job were. Although â€Å" Washington did not think much of the women with the army; he once commanded every woman to leave camp, no matter what her contribution or marital state. The General’s unfavorable attitude toward the common camp women did not extend to all women Valley Forge† (4). To me it’s interesting that General Washington said this about the women there, because throughout the book I felt Washington enjoyed the presence of his wife and the other troop’s wives at the encampment. I feel like A mericans typically perceive the story of Valley Forge as a battle. Attacks never came from the British during the time the Continental Army was at the encampment. They believe that tons of lives were lost there, when in reality, it was just a place for them to make it through the winter. I think the book reinforces the perceptions of what happened there since, â€Å"There was between fifteen hundred and three thousand men that died at Valley Forge, not from their wounds, but from disease† (119). This statement reinforces the fact that noShow MoreRelatedComparative Study of Pakistan Chinese Cultures13385 Words   |  54 Pagesspeak to what we think, is culture. You only notice this really when you change place and enter another culture. Try crossing a border, any border, and you will feel it. American culture regulates such encounters differently; speech between men and women who interactions differently in Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, one The word culture has always had m ultiple meanings. In one sense of the Word, culture is are not direct acquaintances is more tolerated so long as inappropriate speech or physical Read MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagespython enjoying the sun?) A. Àba nà   nká »  Fine (lit. Back and sides) iron hook for fastening windows or doors or joining a canoe, or used by medicine men, usu. forced into ground cassava (especially boiled and sliced) (cf. okà ¬là ¬ 2.) cloth used mostly by women (Dutch print), also akwÄ  à  bà  da width; breadth; state or quality of being wide or broad be wide, broad, flat: Wà ¨talá » ¥ m# nni Ç ¹kà ¨ m n’ime afele dÄ «Ã¯â‚¬ ¬ abadaba Bring me my own food in a broad flat plate fruit of iroko (used for feeding goats, sheep, etc.):Read More1000 Word Essay85965 Words   |  344 Pageswithin the limits of the laws of localities, states, and host nations. 2. Create and sustain effective units by eliminating discriminatory behaviors or practices that undermine teamwork, mutual respect, loyalty, and shared sacrifice of the men and women of America s Army. (AR 600-20 June 2006 / 6-1 / PDF 56) What are the three policies each commander is required to publish and post on equal opportunity? Written command policy statements for EO Prevention of Sexual Harassment Equal OpportunityRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pagesquestioning (ninety-sixth percentile) and networking (ninetyeighth percentile). The point is that each of these innovative entrepreneurs did not score high on all ï ¬ ve of the discovery skills. They each combined the discovery skills uniquely to forge new insights. Just as each person’s physical DNA is unique, an innovator’s DNA comprises a unique combination of skills and behaviors. innovator, you will need to ï ¬ gure out which of these skills you can improve and which can be distinguishingRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesDavid Cherrington, Brigham Young University John Collins, Syracuse University Kerri Crowne, Temple University Todd Dewett, Wright State University Andrew J. Dubrin, Rochester Institute of Technology Steven Edelson, Temple University Norma Givens, Fort Valley State University Barbara A. Gorski, St. Thomas University David Hampton, San Diego State University Stanley Harris, Auburn University Richard E. Hunt, Rockhurst College Daniel F. Jennings, Baylor University Avis L. Johnson, University of Akron xx

Gender Stereotypes In Disney - 1523 Words

Disney strongly portrays gendered stereotypes using their eleven official princesses. Young children, specifically young girls in this case, are extremely susceptible to being influenced by the portrayal of these gendered stereotypes. Golden and Jacoby performed research regarding how preschool girls interpret the gendered stereotypes shown through Disney Princess media, through both the young girls’ pretend play behaviors and the discussion of the princesses. Golden and Jacoby performed this research project in order to examine the perception of young girls in relation to princesses and awareness of gender-role stereotypes, a different research study found that girls who lived and accepted gendered stereotypes, in believing that women†¦show more content†¦The pretend play observation was conducted by both the first author and a trained research assistant. These observations consisted of a three-hour observation, one hour each day, of the free play time of each class. The researchers tracked each child individually, keeping each participant’s data separate from the others. During the first hour of the pretend play observation period, the researchers watched the children play without the introduction of stimuli, also known as â€Å"business as usual.† Upon the completion of the â€Å"business as usual† period, either the teacher or a researcher would set an opened box of dress-up costumes in the play section of the classroom. The box consisted of twelve mass produced costumes in total, with six being the official Disney princesses: Cinderella, Rapunzel, Tiana, Merida, Jasmin, and Mulan, and six non-princess costumes advertised as â€Å"girl costumes†, in order to disentangle the relationship between princess and novel stimuli. The non-princess costumes included Wonder Women, a pink Power Ranger, Transformers: Optimus Prime for girls, Violet from The Incredibles, a bumblebee, and a lady bug; though the play behaviors s hown with these costumes were not recorded. Every seven minutes of free playtime, the researchers would fill out a snapshot observation form, each taking three to four minutes to complete, to record the percentage of timeShow MoreRelatedGender Stereotypes In Disney1711 Words   |  7 PagesNot Born a Disney Princess, but the Tiara May Fit What young girl does not dream of becoming a princess and living in a castle happily ever after? Virtually every young girl identifies with princesses and has watched at least one Disney Princess movie. From the first movies of Snow White and Cinderella, to the later movies of The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast, to the most current movie Moana, Disney Princess movies permeate not only the movie theaters, but also our culture. In fact, â€Å"becomingRead MoreGender Stereotypes In Disney1981 Words   |  8 PagesGender stereotypes in Disney Films Disney is one of the most successful and largest companies in the world. They have their hand in nearly every form of entertainment as well as media, and broadcasting. Disney is best known for their animated films, unique cartoon characters, catchy musicals, and fairy tales that most of us were first introduced to as children. They are one of the few entertainment companies in the World whose primary demographic is children and teens. Nearly everybody is familiarRead MoreDisney Princess With Gender Stereotypes1858 Words   |  8 Pages1.1 Introduction Walt Disney has presented fairytales for thousands of children to love and enjoy, but most importantly to learn from. However, several individuals claim that the fairytales are nonsense and do not present real life situations to children. Nor do the films depict an appropriate representation of women and men. Especially when the majority of the films present Disney princess with gender stereotypes that deal primarily with body image and social behavior. It is also claimed that childrenRead MoreGender Stereotypes In Disney Princess Culture1356 Words   |  6 Pagespeople. Some individuals may have spent their childhood in the attire of their favorite Disney princess while they put on their best rendition of the character they admired most. Other children went seemingly unfazed by the phenomenon, as their peers remained spellbound by the magical world of princesses. With Disney’s debut of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, princess movies provided the defining factor of the Dis ney entertainment empire for years to come. From this, fairy tales embarked into a territoryRead MoreGender Stereotypes In The Disney Film Moana1918 Words   |  8 Pagestowards the exposure to topics that one might not typically be receptive towards. We will examine the representation of the gender ideology that is prevalent in the Disney film Moana in contrast to other Disney films. â€Å"Ideological Criticism† is a method of rhetorical analysis that goes far beyond the surface of an artifact, to extract the underlying belief/values it suggests. Gender is just one of the many ideologies that have become hegemonic in what people have established as â€Å"the norm† or â€Å"the statusRead MoreGender Stereotypes : Disney Princesses Are Not Harmful To Young Girls1027 Words   |  5 PagesGender Stereotypes: Disney princesses are not harmful to young girls In this New age, there are proposition how each gender should conduct oneself, dress, and accord themselves. Kids that are growing up in the area have a person that they think are superhuman. For young girls their role models are Disney princesses. Disney princesses make great role models for girls they teach girls to have hope and courage. All the princesses have different stories and that makes it better for girls to understandRead MoreGender Stereotypes : Are Disney Princesses Harmful? Young Girls?1020 Words   |  5 PagesGender Stereotypes: Are Disney princesses harmful to young girls? In this society, there are proposition how each gender should conduct oneself, dress, and accord themselves. Kids that are growing up in the area have a person that they think are superhuman. For young girls they role models are Disney princesses. Disney princesses make great role models to girls they teach girls to have hope and courage. All the princesses have different stories and that makes it better for girls to understand. AlthoughRead MoreEssay on Informative speech1259 Words   |  6 PagesOUTLINE] The Effects of Disney Films Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the different stereotypes Disney portrayed in their movies. Central Idea/Thesis Statement: Different types of stereotypes in Disney movies effect children’s view on gender roles. INTRODUCTION I. When you wish upon a star; makes no difference who you are†¦. Or does it? If you recognized this classic Disney song, that means you grew up watching Disney during your childhood. II. The Disney movie franchise has beenRead MoreWomen s Social And Mental Development1439 Words   |  6 Pagesprovide highly idolized characters, but creates unrealistic and falsified interpretation of what it mean to be a specific gender. As a result, it can be seen that today’s modern western pop cultural, has become globalized into an industry of gender roles in which has transformed mainstream television, commercial ads, movies and toys. Stereotypical traits have been assigned to each gender and has become a significant problematic concern among adults in raising children. With the significant rise for entertainmentRead MoreMulan Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesThe representation of women in Disney films has indefinitely transformed throughout the decades due to Disney’s need to gradually create conventional views and ideas of women. When comparing the 1998 Disney film, Mulan, and the 2016 Disney film, Moana, people may suggest that both are progressive feminist f ilms that accurately depict their individual cultures, while uplifting the women in these films. However, with further analysis, Mulan consists of not only sexist views towards women, but also

Bless Me Ultima is a novel by Rudolfo Anaya Essay Example For Students

Bless Me Ultima is a novel by Rudolfo Anaya Essay Children believe what their parents tell them but as they get older they start to question that which used to be unquestionable. Bless Me, Ultima is a novel by Rudolfo Anaya about a young Chicano boy, Antonio Juan Marez y Luna, who is growing up and seeing the world for how cruel it really is. A wise old curandera, or faith healer, Ultima, arrives just before Tony receives his first glimpse into the world of men. Ultima gives Tony spiritual healing throughout the book, as well as advice to keep him in harmony with nature and his spirit. The more Tony sees of death in the little town of Guadalupe, New Mexico, the more he questions the Christian God and turns towards the golden carp, a pagan god of the river. Rudolfo Anaya is indicating that each man must choose his own religion and destiny, by depicting the changes Tony feels after the deaths of Lupito, Narciso and Florence. Beforehand, Tony never questioned his faith but as each person died Tony turned farther and farther away from Catholicism and eventually even away from the pagan religion. Tony questioned his destiny and effectiveness as a priest, had doubts of the Catholic God and eventually of everything he had ever believed in, as Anaya shows that one strict religion isn t always the right way or the only way. The first step in Tony s spiritual journey is when he questions his family s long-standing belief in the Catholic religion and his own destiny to follow their dreams of him becoming a priest. Tony doubts his abilities as a priest, even though he is not one, because his mother dreams for him to become a priest. Subsequently, he believes that he should have been able to save Lupito s soul from wandering the river, because he will one day be required to. Whereas, A priest could have saved Lupito. (23), Tony feels guilty that he wasn t able to fulfill his duty even though it wasn t his. This shows that the destiny at first laid out by Catholicism may not be the one that is best suited to Tony. By not saving Lupito or his soul, the town Tony lives in is no longer pure in his eyes. The river is the lifeline of the town and once it is stained then the town will also be tainted with the murder of Lupito. Tony asks, How would I ever wash away the stain of blood from the sweet waters of my river! (23), and in doing so also questions why God puts such obstacles in the paths of innocent people. The Catholic God, it seems, is cruel and not as perfect as possibly believed. By growing up and becoming a man, boys witness acts of sin and commit a few acts themselves. Tony has witnessed sin but he is not a man because he has not committed any sins or seen enough to really understand the world he is living in. Tony is taught that, It was a sin to grow up and be a man. 31), by listening to his mother, and realizes that one day he would be grown up and lose his innocence to become a man. Because of this Tony sees how cruel God can be by putting boys on earth to grow up and become men. Tony asks whether his destiny and faith are the ones he wants to believe in and begins his journey towards changing his spiritual beliefs, and the golden carp only reinforces these doubts that Tony is just beginning to realize. The next step in Tony s spiritual journey begins when Tony sees another god and wonders whether this god is any kinder to his people than God. .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d , .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d .postImageUrl , .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d , .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d:hover , .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d:visited , .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d:active { border:0!important; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d:active , .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Atlanta Exposition By Washington EssayTony believed that God should have forgiven Narciso for his sins and not Tenorio because Tony was partial to Narciso. God is not partial and when he gives forgiveness to one man he must also give it to another, but Tony does not like this. God s response was I will†¦if you also ask me to forgive Tenorio. (173) Tony can t believe that his God would think of forgiving an evil man like Tenorio. Once Narciso dies and Tony sees the beauty of the golden carp Tony starts to wonder even more whether God is really as good and wonderful as Tony has been taught he is. Tony starts to doubt and question the God that before had been unquestionable, showing that maybe what is first believed isn t always right. Tony has †¦doubted the Lord! (174) because he starts to think that maybe the golden carp is a better god. Tony starts to see the golden carp as a new god, and a way to bring goodness to the people by shining its light upon the earth. The sun is a symbol of God because the sun brings life and joy to everything and can also be cruel and harsh. When there is a new sun, there is a new god that will shine a light upon the people and hopefully enlighten them to what they re doing wrong, but it will also bring with it new cruelty s that Tony does not foresee. With A new sun to shine its good light upon a new earth. (176) comes an ending and a new beginning for Tony to show that all things must come to an end, even beliefs. As Tony is jolted by the death of Narciso he doubts whether God exists and in doing so questions whether his beliefs of God have ever been justified. Tony s final spiritual step has him questioning whether there really is a God because the religions he knows seem to be based on gods who don t reply. Tony s faith is being destroyed by the realization that the old gods and their religions are dying. God and the golden carp are both old gods and when they are gone Tony has nothing left to believe in because there will be no god. In Tony s dream, he believes The old gods are dying†¦ (244) because he sees Cico kill the golden carp, whereas in real life Cico was like a preacher of the golden carp. The death of the gods confirms the idea that religions come and go and therefore no religion is right. Also, if there is no God in heaven to bear Tony s burden then Tony must bear it himself and he cannot live with the thought of what men do. Men, while powerless and insignificant, create so many problems that they can t solve and, like Tony, they need a God to help bear the burden. If there is †¦ no God in heaven to bear my burden†¦ (243) then Tony must bear the weight of the towns sins on his shoulders. As a result any religion that would put such weight on one person can t be the right religion. Tony once believed in the powers of God and he then learned that God did not always forgive and he could be cruel and mean. Narciso s death showed Tony that God could not forgive because then he would have to forgive everyone and Tony could not accept that. After seeing the golden carp Tony believed in the carp as a possible god, but Florence s drowning in the home of that god shattered that perfect vision. The golden carp should have been able to save Florence, but he didn t, so Tony no longer could believe in the golden carp as a shining example of a god. The destruction of Tony s faith in those religions resulted in him confessing, Everything I believed in was destroyed. (244). Anaya shows that no religion is perfect in the obliteration of all of Tony s faiths. There is nothing left that Tony believes in so he sees that he must believe in the magic and power of Ultima, because it has always been true to him. .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 , .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 .postImageUrl , .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 , .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66:hover , .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66:visited , .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66:active { border:0!important; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66:active , .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How does Dickens present education in the novel Hard Times? EssayIn life people go through many different changes but spiritual changes are often the hardest on the person themself because it changes their whole belief system. Tony went through several changes spiritually in such a short time that at the end of the novel he doesn t believe in anything. Anaya shows that the religion at first thought to be perfect may not be, because there are so many different religions to choose from and not one of them is completely correct. Tony was introduced to a curandera and was trained by her as well, which leads the reader to believe that a new religion may come out of the dust and ashes of the old beliefs, following in the teachings of a curandera. Tony could not accept the fact that God was cruel and harsh, or that the golden carp could not have saved Florence even though the river was its home, in spite of the fact that his parents and friends believed deeply in these powers and still put all their faith in them. Ultima, it seems, is all that is left to believe in, because she has always been truthful, and protective. The vengeance that Tony wants on Tenorio is God s alone; however, with a new religion following in Ultima s practices Tony could punish Tenorio if he was still alive, and have vengeance for the deaths of his friends and not be punished for it because Tony would only be killing a witch. All humans must change and because they must, the world they live in, including their religions, must change with them or be lost in time. The Catholic religion failed to change into what Tony needed, and so did the pagan religion, so he stopped belieiving in them; however he saw Ultima s religion as a new unchartered way that he could create himself. At the end of Tony s spiritual journey he finds himself lost in a world that is prophesied to end and without a true belief in anything.

Technologies, E

Information Technology remains the key agent of change in the business world. IT has not only enhanced the efficiency and effectiveness of businesses but has also led to the creation of new business models and forms. E-business has emerged due to the impacts of IT on the business sector.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Technologies, E-business and Virtual Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The electronic economy has been marked by the emergence of pure virtual organizations and semi-virtual businesses. These organizations are growing at a faster rate compared to the brick and mortar companies in the physical world (Adams, 2003). This study highlights the importance of technology to the business world. The paper also gives attention to the importance of E-business and virtual organizations. Benefits of Information Technology Information Technology is the major tool that has transformed the business wor ld. IT has increased the efficiency and effectiveness of E-business. The technology enables business organizations to improve the accuracy of business operations. Operational errors are easily identified and controlled through effective utilization of IT-enabled devices. Business organizations use technology application tools of business management such as Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), and Supply Chain Management (SCM) to eliminate errors in operations and achieve efficiency. For instance, businesses can use ERP to ensure effective planning and allocation of resources (Collier Bienstock, 2006). The tool enables businesses to design effective strategies of resource allocation and control processes. ERP integrates all the operations of an organization through effective utilization of the available data. It can be used in project management to identify sources of deviations and ensure proper scheduling of project operations (Barua Konana, 2001). Enhanced communication is the other advantage of IT to the business world and especially in the field of E-business. Unlike brick and mortar companies that rely on paper for communication, virtual organizations utilize their virtual nature to enhance communication. In this case, the organizations can easily send and receive messages through internet-enabled devices. Elimination of paperwork in E-business also reduces the cost of operation and improves the performance. Information Technology has, therefore, reduced the cost of doing business for many organizations, which exist in the physical and virtual space (Barua Konana, 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Technology has also reduced the initial capital that is needed to start an online business. For example, starting a business in the virtual space only requires an entrepreneur to establish a reliable and eff ective website. The cost of establishing the website is a one-off investment that is not incurred on repetitive basis. The websites used in the E-business also enable investors to reduce the cost of product promotion (Bapna Gupta, 2005).  Time management is another beneficial aspect that is associated with technology in business. The entrepreneurs in E-business can easily sell their goods and services without travelling to the physical market place. The same case applies to the consumers who are able to access different varieties of goods and services at their own convenience. The customers who use online business services are able to choose different goods from different vendors. They determine the prices of the various goods and services through their purchasing power and the supply patterns in the market (Adams, 2003). General Environment of E-Commerce Online transactions are the major components of E-commerce. However, the transactions may take place in different environments . These environments determine the type of organizations in E-commerce (Collier Bienstock, 2006). Pure virtual environment is the most common type in E-Commerce. In such environments, the organizations assume virtual existence in the online world. The organizations in the pure virtual environment rely on internet connection to provide goods and services to their customers. Such businesses offer product catalogues at their websites for the customers. Their operation systems are automated by software, which offers direct services and assistance to the clients. Organizations that specialize in data management are some of the businesses that operate in the pure virtual environment. Other organizations include the Wedding Channel, Amazon, online advertising companies, and Ensemble. Organizations that exist in the virtual environment enjoy a low cost of operation and a reduced initial investment. For example, such organizations do not have to spend a lot of funds in building physical off ices, buying machines and equipment, and incur maintenance cost. Virtual organizations also spend less money in advertising and product promotion.  Apart from the pure virtual organizations, click-and-mortar is another form of business environment in E-commerce. An organization that exists in a click-and-mortar form has some aspects of virtual and physical existence. Such businesses may exist in the physical world and also in the online platform.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Technologies, E-business and Virtual Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The businesses can attract customers from both environments. The organizations give their customers the opportunity to choose the most reliable and efficient transaction. The customers can either transact online or go to the physical offices of the company. A good example of a click-and-mortar organization is the online banking method that has been adopt ed by most banks around the world. In the contemporary society, customers have the opportunity to bank online or visit the physical location of their banks (Adjei Noble, 2012).  Another business environment in E-commerce is brick and mortar. The organizations in this type of environment rely on physical existence to conduct their transactions. The businesses conduct most of their transactions offline. However, they rely on online transactions to attract more customers to their website and increase their sales. The businesses may also conduct online transactions when they purchase their raw materials from suppliers located in other countries. Unlike completely virtual organizations that mainly focus on digital products, brick-and-mortar organizations offer both physical and digital products. The organization may outsource the services of a virtual organization when selling their products in the online world. A good example of businesses that operate in the brick-and-mortar environ ment includes hotels and restaurants in the physical world. Most hotels and restaurants rely on online marketing to attract to their products. The online booking services offered by air flight companies are also a good example of a brick-and-mortar environment. In such cases, the customers buy the tickets online while the actual services are offered in the physical environment. Brick-and-mortar companies depend on their physical existence to offer customers services and increase customer satisfaction (OMB, 2008). E-Commerce Classification Based on the aforementioned E-commerce environments, it is, therefore, essential to classify the different categories involved. E-commerce is classified according to the nature of the parties involved. For example, in B2B classification the business transactions, in this case, involve businesses. Businesses are able to trade in the online world to get the right goods and services from different sources. One organization may act as a supplier of par ticular goods and services while the other receives the goods. For example, a private company in the online world may supply data management services to a government entity such as the ministry of registration. B2B classification involves the transaction of high volumes and value that take place mainly between two organizations (Barua Konana, 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In B2C classification, the business sells the goods to the consumers. This is the most common classification in E-commerce since most business organizations involve businesses and consumers. For example, when Amazon sells its books to the individual consumers such as students, the nature of the business involved in this case is B2C. The business targets its products to the direct consumers of the product (Anthony Grabski, 2006). C2B classification takes place when an individual consumer sells goods or services to a business. In this case, the business acts as the consumer of the products. For example, when a customer sells used books to Amazon, the nature of the business is C2B. The transaction mainly takes place when the company involved is interested in recycling the old products (Adams, 2003). C2C approach is another classification that is used in E-commerce. The transactions involve two different customers. Individual customers may exchange goods or services for reducing the co st of buying the goods from the organizations. C2C classification mainly takes place where consumers would like to exchange different goods or services. For example, students in different locations may exchange books or electronic materials (Adjei Noble, 2012). Financial Infrastructure for Development E-business development requires a well organized and comprehensive financial infrastructure. The development of the infrastructure must be based on the various activities involved in the operation of E-business. The most important aspect in the development of E-business is the establishment of a reliable website. The supplier building the E-business website should provide accurate invoicing for the various equipment involved. The other important element is the payment system which enables the customers to pay for their services immediately after buying the purchase. A good payment system should facilitate sharing of information between the various departments of the organization. For instance, the production department should be able to share the information with sales section. The two departments determine product pricing and the profits of an organization (Anthony Grabski, 2006).  Service architecture also determines the financial infrastructure in E-business development. Ability to access the services offered by an organization with regards to the location and the people involved determines the financial implications involved when selling the products. Another element that determines the service architecture is the range of services offered. In this case, elements such as interaction, integration, product features, and functionality greatly determine the financial requirements when developing the products. Reliable service architecture in E-business should enable the customers to perform multiple transactions at low cost. Integration of various systems in an organization also determines the financial infrastructure in E-business development. Integration of the service architecture with information system may require an organization to spend a lot of funds in developing the reliable programs and software for automated transactions. A good example is the integration of the ordering system with the distribution mechanisms, which employ the requirements of the information system and the service architecture. The requirements may also be extended to include vital operations such as security issues and cost control measures (OMB, 2008). In other situations, operations such as hardware installation, training services, marketing initiatives, and customer relationship management may be not included when determining the initial investment in E-business. These operations tend to change with the existing business conditions and customer requirements. However, wages to be paid to the employees should be determined during the initial stages. The number of employees should be determined during E-business development stage. In addition, tax requirem ents or other funds that have legal obligations should also be determined during the initial stages (Bapna Gupta, 2005). Technology Based on the infrastructural requirements in E-business development, different technological tools are important for the existence of E-business. Technology determines the various frameworks used in E-business environments. For example, the network computing system has enabled organizations and consumers to conduct their transactions in various ways (Bapna Gupta, 2005). E-business framework may involve individuals within a common network in an organization. For instance, intranet connection may be used in an organization to facilitate the transactions between individuals in the entity. Individuals may also use peer-peer network connection to conduct business transactions. E-business framework may also exist in the form of extranet network system. Extranet networks enable individuals in the intranet system to conduct transactions with others in the ext ernal network. The ultimate framework used in E-business transactions is the internet. This form of network connects various individuals and organizations in various networks from peer-peer network, intranet, and extranet (OMB, 2008). Information technology is the key building block of E-business. IT integrates the technical requirements of technology with the goals and information needs of E-business. The technology facilitates interaction between the restructuring and design requirements with data architecture, organizational structure, and information architecture. The concept of utility computing is another technology that is important in the development of E-business. The technology is important to facilitate sharing of resources in a computer network. Utility computing has various tools that are important for the operations of E-business transactions (Adjei Noble, 2012). Such tools include virtualization tools and policy-based resource management devices. The virtual tools fa cilitate storage and retrieval of data. The tools also facilitate uninterrupted flow of information within the computer network. On the other hand, policy-based resource management devices enable the customers to post queries on different products and services that are offered by an organization. Such tools are also used to ensure that product catalogues and product carts are used in the online business. Service provider applications are also important kinds of technology used in E-business. The applications facilitate the interaction between the customers and the organization (Bapna Gupta, 2005). Major Issues in E-Business and Virtual Organizations E-business and virtual organizations are affected by myriad range of issues. Security factors top the list of issues that affect E-business. Security issues that are associated with theft of customer’s information and use of unreliable payment systems greatly affect the efficiency of E-business. Customers and organizations have l ost a lot of funds and confidential information due to theft and fraud (Bahmanziari, Odom Ugrin, 2009). Apart from security issues, legal factors also affect the efficiency and effectiveness of E-business and virtual organizations. Legal requirements have been set governments and trade entities to regulate online transactions. Despite the fact that such regulations implemented to improve efficiency in the E-business sector, they have serious financial implications that are very expensive for a small business in the online world. The regulations tend to reduce the rate of growth in the sector (Adjei Noble, 2012).  Issues of trust also dominate the list of factors that affect E-business. Most customers rely on E-business to achieve convenience. However, the level of trust is very low. Customers tend to believe that online organizations are fraudsters or scams that are formed to steal from innocent people. The level of trust in E-business has reduced due to rampant cases of compute r crime and internet theft (Anthony Grabski, 2006).  System implementation and integration are the technical issues that affect the performance of virtual organizations and efficiency of E-business. Issues such as system architecture, information flow, and other technical requirements affect the effectiveness of E-commerce. In some cases, a virtual organization may use incompatible software and computer programs, which may result in the opportunity for the customer to access the goods and services offered by the organization (Bahmanziari, Odom Ugrin, 2009). Evaluations Performance matrices should be used to evaluate the effectiveness of E-business. The business should be evaluated against important elements of cost, security, convenience, efficiency, trust, the range of goods and services, and technical requirements. With regards to convenience, E-business should be evaluated in terms of promptness and ability to supply various goods and services to meet the needs of the custome rs. E-business should also be evaluated against the security to ensure that businesses are operated in secure environments (OMB, 2008).  Evaluation of E-business in terms of efficiency should focus on the performance of various elements such as network connectivity, the speed of browsers used by the website, and organization of business processes. For example, the payment and the ordering systems should be efficient to enable the customers to access the products and pay for them in time. The product catalogues should provide for accurate description of the products. Moreover, the shopping carts should enable the customers to access the various options offered by an organization (Adjei Noble, 2012). Cost is another vital aspect that should be considered during the evaluation process. The main goal of E-business is ensure cost reduction. Cost elements in E-business such as cost of website maintenance, cost of product promotion, wages paid to the employees, and taxes should be contr olled to ensure effective performance of the system. Cost evaluation should be based on the ability of the E-business organization to control these elements. For example, the organization can operate in using cost-efficient website applications (Bahmanziari, Odom Ugrin, 2009).  Performance evaluation on the basis of security should be based on the ability of the organization to the network system used by a company. The ability of the network to prevent entry of intruders is very cardinal to ensure the performance of the website. The effectiveness of security control measures such as data encryption, security certificates, and firewalls forms the basis of the assessment (Collier Bienstock, 2006). Solution To achieve the aforementioned performance matrices, effective strategies should be established to improve the performance of E-business (Bahmanziari, Odom Ugrin, 2009). The stakeholders in the sector should consider the following recommendations. Adoption of reliable payment s ystems Conducting businesses in a secure environment by protecting computer networks Adoption of compatible software and computer programs for system integration Adherence to the legal regulations in the business environment Establishment of cost control measures Conclusions Information technology has played an immense role in transforming the business environment. Information technology has enabled many countries around the world to establish the online economic system where online trade activities contribute to the economic development of states. This study has brought into perspective the benefits of E-businesses. E-business enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of business activities. The method also reduces the cost of doing business. Moreover, it enables customers to access different varieties of goods. E-business is conducted in various environments such as pure virtual space, click and mortar, and brick and mortar environments. The classification of E-business is based on the category of participants. For instance, the transactions involve consumers and businesses that interact in different levels.  E-business development and financial management is also another aspect that has been highlighted in the study. Financial infrastructure should be in tandem with the technical requirements of E-business development. The funds used in the development should enable the business to attain service requirements, system architecture, and information systems. To understand these requirements, it is also important to highlight the technology involved in E-business. Computer networks and utility computing systems are very important in the performance of E-businesss. However, E-business is affected by various issues such as legal requirements, security issues, trust issues, performance, and cost factors. Therefore, to ensure efficiency and effectiveness of E-business, there is need to adopt effective strategies that can be used to manage the problems affecting the business. Such recommendations include the adoption of effective and secure computer networks, establishment of cost control strategies, and regular assessment of website performance. These recommendations will have an important role in transforming E-business and enhancing the development of electronic economy. References Adams, F. (2003). The E-business revolution the new economy: E-economics after the dot-com crash. New York: South-Western Educational Publishing. Adjei, M. Noble, S. (2012). Enhancing relationships with customers through online brand communities. MIT Sloan Management Review, 34(2), 22-24. Anthony, J. Grabski, S. (2006). Market reaction to e-commerce impairments evidenced by website outages authors’ response. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 7(2), 87-90. Bahmanziari, T., Odom, M. Ugrin, J. (2009). An experimental evaluation of the effects of internal and external e-Assurance on initial trust formation in B2C e- commerce. Intern ational Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 10(3),152- 170. Bapna, R. Gupta, A. (2005). Pricing and allocation for quality-differentiated online services. Management Science, 46(7), 1141-1150. Barua, A., Konana, A. (2001). Driving e-business excellence. MIT Sloan Management Review, 45(3), 36-44. Collier, J. E. Bienstock, C. (2006). How do customers judge quality in an e-tailor? MIT Sloan Management Review, 38(4), 35-40. OMB, A. (2008). U.S.2009 budget goes paperless. Information Management Journal, 42(3), 11-14 This essay on Technologies, E-business and Virtual Organizations was written and submitted by user Camdyn U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Animal Essays (1984 words) - Meat Industry, Animal Welfare

Animal Suffering When you go out to eat and look at your thick and juicy T-bone steak what do you think about? When you look at that gorgeous mink coat in the department store what is going through your mind? When you here that cigarette smoke causes cancer in lab animals what is the first thing that comes to mind? Chances are that in each of these cases you were not thinking about how the cow suffered while it was being fattened up, ho painful the trap was that caught those mink, or the conditions those lab animals hat to endure to develop that cancer. Most people do not think about these things. However, in this paper, you will be enlightened on the pain and suffering of animals in three different industries and you will also hear from the other side of this issue. First, one of the biggest culprits of animal suffering is the animal food industry. This is an industry in which people have a tendency to block out or ignore the animal mistreatment; this is done by disassociating oneself with the direct harm and ignoring the indirect harm (Harnack 133). A good start under this example in the case of pigs. Normally, pigs are intelligent animals capable of showing affection. They have very good senses of smell, which is why pigs have been used as hunting animals (Coats 31). This normal behavior is disrupted however in the food industry. Pigs are taken to slaughter at about twenty-four weeks of age when they are approximately 220 pounds (Coats 32). Pigs are usually mass-caged into groups that consist of other pigs of the same sex and age. This can cause excessive aggressiveness in the animals due to the stifling of the natural social orders, which are accomplished though mixing (Coats 33). Due to inactivity in cages, pigs become "bored" and do things such as gnaw on the bars of the cage or on the body parts of other pigs. Factory owners attempt to remedy this by doing things such as cutting off a piglet's tail shortly after being born (Coats 33). There is also gender specific cruelty. To reduce aggressiveness, male pigs are castrated. Most of the time, this is done without anesthetic. This is a practice seen in other divisions of the farm industry as well (Coats 33). "A factory breeding sow [pig] averages two and a half litters a year and ten litters in a life time. With ten or eleven piglets per litter, she brings 100-110 piglets into the systems during the first four to five years of her life" (Coats 34). The pig factory owners try to get the greatest amount of piglets in the least amount of time. They do this by trying to find the optimum amount of time to leave a piglet with his mother. The later a piglet is weaned away from his mother, the better chance it will live, however this is time that the mother is not pregnant (Coats 34). Pigs confined in cages in factories have a high rate of disease and physical problems that range from respiratory diseases to lame and broken legs (Coats 45). Next, we have cows. Cows have the "opportunity" to go into three different division of the farming industry: dairy cow, veal calf, or beef cow (Coats 7). Firstly, concerning milk cows, the only time that a female cow produces milk is after she has had a calf, and she only produces for as long as the calf suckles (Coats 50). To keep the cows producing milk, they must be impregnated about once a year and give birth (Coats 56). While a calf is still getting milk from its mother, it drinks small quantities about twenty times a day. The cow replenishes itself as needed. In the dairy farm, a cow is "sucked dry" approximately two to three times per day. This forces a cow to be over loaded and weighed down with milk (Coats 50-51). When an exceptional cow is found, she is put aside for breeding. She is given drugs to induce the production of more eggs. These eggs are fertilized with the sperm of "super-bulls" and the embryos are implanted into different cows. This can cause problems if the calf implanted is larger than the mother can bear (Coats 56-57). Secondly, under cows, we have the veal calf. The main resource for veal calves is the calves of dairy cows (Coats 61). According to David Coats, "The concept is simple yet very cruel; from birth, calves are

Ethics of Bottled Water

Ethics of Bottled Water Introduction The manufacture of bottled water began in Europe in the 1970s. This was because tap water was considered unsafe after the industrial revolution. Its market grew rapidly in the1990s when it became a business venture.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Ethics of Bottled Water specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marketers and advertisers promoted it as a symbol of status. Celebrities were seen drinking bottled water during their interviews, concerts, and shows, hence, this further increased its prestige. Moreover, it was used to demonstrate a healthy image. Marketers targeted young people in the gym and sports facilities. Over the years, its consumption has increased making it a household good. It is the fastest selling non- alcoholic beverage according to Doria ( 2006). Different brands have emerged, making its market segment extremely competitive. Similarly, many multinational companies have been created. They extract water from aquifers and springs, package and sell at a competitive price. Some of the leading bottlers include; Fiji Water, Evian, Aquafina, and Dasani among others. The ethics of supplying bottled water have been debated for a long time. Perhaps, this is because water, as a public good has been converted into a private good. Various researchers on the topic, have outlined critical issues facing bottled water. Brei and Bohm (2011) indicate that some communities in the world have no reliable water supply, thus, the consumption of bottled water seems socially unjust. Besides, processing and transporting of bottled water consumes a lot of energy.Advertising Looking for term paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This energy can be used wisely in other fields of development. Also, crude Oil, a health hazard, is used to make the containers used to transport water, hence; this poses a serious health and environmental issue. In addition, the composition of bottled water has been questioned. According to Brooks et al (2009), a brand of the coca-cola company was accused of containing high levels of bromate (2009). Consequently, it was labeled ‘cancer water’ because bromate enhances cancer. Disposing bottled water containers in a sound way poses a challenge. Consumers dispose water containers carelessly. These containers can be found in social areas and other open spaces. On the other hand, bottled water is convenient. It is easy to carry around, and it can be found in almost all the stores. This paper focuses on the ethics of bottled water by evaluating its effect on water supply and the environment. Furthermore, it examines the ethical effects transforming a public-sector good into a private-sector good. Public good Water is a public good. This means that it is nonexclusive. The rivers and lakes are national goods while the municipal water systems are communal-public goods. Private supply of such a good is costly because beneficiaries will have to be excluded from enjoying the good. Excluding individuals requires bottlers to process and package it.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Ethics of Bottled Water specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This process consumes energy in a world where energy is limited. The bottled water culture has caused increased spending on a commodity that should be provided freely. In the past, utility companies and public agencies controlled the market, presently; multinational corporations have privatized water systems for their own benefits. Bottlers are purchasing rights to groundwater distribution channels (Brei and Bohm, 2011). This action makes water, a basic human right into a private commodity. The public is denied access to clean and safe water. Bottled water shifts the attention of the public from the public systems and municipal treatment pla nts. As a result, the community fails to provide accountability on water issues. In the end, the municipality will have little incentive to improve water infrastructure because they lack support. Consequently, the problem of bottled water will increase because consumers will lose faith in tap water. This problem is made worse when the majority can afford bottled water. In the event that the quality of municipal water decreases, the minority are prone suffer. Cost of Bottled Water Bottled water is expensive to produce. Gleick and Cooley in their article â€Å"Energy Implications of Bottled Water† claim that it requires 2000 times more energy compared to tap water (2009).Advertising Looking for term paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Water bottles are made from a thermoplastic polymer. The material used contains energy, and more energy is used to transform the material into bottles (Gleick and Cooley, 2009). Bottled water requires energy to run the machinery and equipments used for processing and packaging. The primary source of bottled water is municipal water or groundwater. Municipal water can either be bottled without further treatment or bottled after further treatment. Further purification of water requires energy (Gleick and Cooley, 2009). Besides this, energy is required to transport bottled water and refrigerate it before it is sold. This further depletes the limited fossil fuel available globally. For example, Fiji water supplies millions of bottled water to the United States daily. The cost of transport is reflected in the final cost. According to Gleick and Cooley, production of water bottles consumes over 50 million barrels of oil in a year. This oil is enough to supply the needs of the United State s for almost three days. Apart from the cost of energy, bottled water hinders development, thereby costing the community. In some regions, individuals work in water companies to produce water for other countries. However, in their homes, the water they consume is not clean. For example, Fiji supplies over a million bottles of water to the United States daily. Nevertheless, most people in the Fiji struggle to obtain clean water. Environmental Effects of Bottled Water Bottled water disposal has presented a crucial waste management problem. Thousands of plastic bottles are carelessly disposed by consumers every day. Out of these, a small percentage is recycled while the rest is disposed in landfills. To make it worse, some of these containers end up in rivers, lakes and other water bodies. Water bottles do not attract the deposit for recycling offered to soda and beer bottles (Brooks et al., 2009). Disposal of plastic bottles pollutes the soil because the chemical composition of plasti c takes years to decompose. If these bottles are burnt, the chemicals released into the air cause pollution. Similarly, when exposed to high temperatures, these containers release harmful substances. When these chemicals are released into the ecosystem, they cause cardiovascular and gastrointestinal ailments to human beings. Consequently, the chemicals released such as dioxin, contribute to acid rain and global warming. Convenience of Bottled Water Although bottled water poses waste management challenges, it is exceptionally convenient. Distributors view that transporting small bottles are convenient, as opposed to bulk containers. In addition, consumers consider it pure compared to tap water. Tap water may be pure at the water plants, but after passing through distribution pipes, the water becomes contaminated. Besides, tap water is associated with bad taste and odor (Doria, 2006). Doria in his article â€Å"Bottled Water Versus Tap Water: Understanding Consumers’ Preferenc es† asserts that consumers prefer bottled water because of its ‘organoleptic’ characteristics (2006). Consumers also consider the fact that if contamination is discovered; the bottler will act more efficiently than the government in neutralizing the problem. Purity and contamination are not the only convenient facts about bottled water. Doria (2006) notes bottled water saves time and energy. Buying water indicates that consumers have less time to fill their own containers (Brei and Bohm, 2011). The availability of bottled water allows consumers to buy water when they need it. It saves them from carrying a container of water everywhere. Moreover, the consumer can dispose the container after consuming the water. Solutions to Bottled Water Problems The cost of bottled water, by a larger degree outweighs its benefits making it a problem. Bottlers and producers of bottled water do not consider the cost of disposing the containers. This means that the taxpayer has to co ver these costs (Brei and Bohm, 2011). One solution to this problem is to order the bottlers to pay for the cost of disposal. Given that pollution taxes will reflect on the consumer price, the price of bottled water will increase while the demand decrease. With less people buying bottled water, the environmental effect will reduce. Secondly, water containers can be washed and re-used again to ease pollution. Thirdly, bottlers can use local facilities for production instead of transporting water from far- away locations. This will reduce the price of bottled water and the amount of energy used for transportation. As a public good, government and local institutions can deal with bottled water by defining limits between what is viewed as public or private. This means that companies will no longer have to extract water from springs or aquifers and sell. In addition, the government should set sanctions for companies which violate these rules (Brei and Bohm, 2011). For this to work, the g overnment needs the cooperation and participation of the public. However, rather than trying to reduce the problem of bottled water, public water should be made clean. The government and policy makers should replace old pipes and modernize public water plants. This will ensure consumers drink clean, affordable water. If tap water is safe, then bottled water will only be a luxury. Conclusion Bottled water may be cheap and convenient, but in the long run, it has a high environmental cost. Its consumption of energy is 2000 times that of tap water. Moreover, its disposal causes water, soil, and water pollution. Plastic containers end up in landfills where the bottles take up space, since the material used for their production is not biodegradable. However, despite its energy and environmental implications, bottled water is seen as socially unethical. This is because bottled water turns a public good into a private commodity. As a social good, water should be available to everyone instea d of being sold at high prices. The other reason that makes bottled water unethical is when it is sold to communities who lack a dependable source of water. For example, some communities in Africa face famine yet water are sold in other regions of the same country. In my opinion, it is wrong to sell water while people are drying. It is also unethical to sell water because it is a human right and not a good sold to individuals who have the money to buy it. The assumption that bottled water is purer is not necessarily true. According to Doria (2006), this assumption should not be generalized because it depends on salient cases. For this reason, tap water is socially, environmentally and morally ethical as opposed to bottled water. References List Brei, V., Bohm, S. (2011). Corporate Social Responsibility as cultural meaning management: A Critique of the Marketing of ethical Bottled Water. Business Ethics: A European Review, 20 (3), 233-252. Doi: 10.1111/j. 1467-8608.2011.01626. x Bro oks, B. W., Cox, S. M., Anderson, S. (2009). Cancer Water. Journal of Critical Incidents, 230-37. Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/?interaction_required=true Doria, M. (2006). Bottled Water versus Tap Water: Understanding Consumers’ Preferences. Journal of Water and Health, 271-276. Retrieved from https://iwaponline.com/jwh/article/4/2/271/1581/Bottled-water-versus-tap-water-understanding?searchresult=1 Gleick, P. Cooley, H. (2009). Energy Implications of Bottled Water. Environmental Research Letter, (8). doi :10.1088/1748-9326/4/1/014009

Money, Banking, and Financial Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Money, Banking, and Financial Markets - Essay Example In this article, I will analyze the current money neutrality and the creation of reserve without money creation as per the central banking systems. Money neutrality Numerous economics students have been taught the theory of money neutrality and its effect on how people consider the issue of monetary policy. The implications of money neutrality may be summarized as follows: in the long run, the growth of money ought to be neutral in its impact on the production growth rate and ought to affect the inflation rate. The earliest canonical works on the neutrality of money stated the superiority of monetary policy regulations that enabled the participants in the market to envisage the future money supplies. There were no debates in these abstract models for the necessity of an institution like a central bank that may be used to take the actions to apply a policy based on rules (Cecchetti 42). There were also no differences identified between the central bank’s liabilities and money. Theoretically, the gap between the inflation variables and the central bank variables (M1 and M2) are under the transmission mechanism, which is a monetary theory. The Federal Reserve utilizes the open market to withdraw or inject commercial bank reserves. The banks then create money through money multiplier. In a nutshell, banks react to the injection of extra reserves by developing loans that are financed with monetary liabilities like savings deposits and checking (Cecchetti 104). The money multiplier calculates the final adjustment in the supply of money that would be caused by a certain change in the monetary base. Irrespective of the money multiplier value, as long as it is stable, a certain percentage increase in the monetary base would cause a similar percentage increase in money. Therefore, the theory of money multiplier is a brief means of tying a policy rule under the central bank control with inflation and money. Creation of reserve without money The application of the c oncepts of the money multiplier and money neutrality have made a number of Federal Reserve observers argue that the present financial crisis has been caused by the possible result of inflation. For instance, the Financial Times, Martin Feldstein argued that when the economy starts to recuperate, the Federal Reserve will have to lessen the stock money and prevent the high volume of excess reserves in the banks from creating credit and money explosion. The negative money multiplier may be explained by liquidity creation. For instance, from 1981 to 2006, the average credit market assets that the US financial institutions hold have increased by $ 32.3 trillion. Commercial bank reserves that have been held as deposits by the Federal Reserve had reduced by $ 6.5 billion within the same period (Cecchetti 56). In 2006, the total commercial bank reserves in the Federal Reserve were only $18.7 billion. This amount was less than the equivalent amount that was held in banks, in 1951. It is quit e clear that not only have the financial institutions depended on a rise in reserves held at the Federal Reserve to increase credit they have also increased credit by 744 percent as the reserves diminished. Therefore, the subsidiary money multiplier of the augmented bank reserves has been either irrelevant or highly negative. The following figure indicates the

Stop the Massacre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Stop the Massacre - Essay Example Palestinians only get to hear of the data regarding their fellow citizens who have passed due to the conflict. However, the reporting is also compromised by media houses that are rooting for a western perspective, which has labeled Palestinians as terrorists yet the majority of Gaza residents are peace-loving citizens and have no arms that threaten Israel’s peace and tranquillity. The Israel army claims that it is undertaking surgical strikes aimed at only killing Hamas fighters (Yaakov 1). However, the grim reality on the ground paints a different picture. Most of the dead are innocent civilians who include children, women and the elderly. The support of the western nations for the conflict points at the eroded moral values of the strongest nations, which ought to stand for the enforcement of human rights. The above story paints a bleak future for Gaza’s residents who have become used to the torrential blasts of Israel mortar. This is a story about the contrast in the lives of Israelis and Palestinians. On the onset of the operation dubbed protective edge, Israelis, in amusement, watched from cinemas and cliffs facing Gaza as their army bombarded Gaza from the air leading to the death of innocent people (Yaakov 1). The Israelis, whom the army claims to be protecting, were celebrating as it pounded and destroyed the lives of Palestinians. This was in contrast to the picture painted by Israel’s media, which claimed that its citizens live under the constant threats of rockets. The war against Gaza was based on a false premise publicized by the Western-backed media so that world can turn a blind eye on the atrocities that are occurring during the military incursion into Gaza. The result of this war is the creation of a modern-day concentration camp and the death of even the unborn babies in the wombs of Palestine’s women. Palestinians cannot leave Gaza since they will be exposed to attacks.  

The British Way of Town-making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The British Way of Town-making - Essay Example The elements which have influenced Egyptian, Chinese and Islamic architecture will be explored. The influence. The elements which compose places will be explored with regards to urban design. The influence of philanthropic organizations on built constructions. The philanthropic organization which will be discussed is the Prince of Wales Foundation. Introduction To each individual, a town represents a variety of concepts. It may be the place of residence or occupational endeavors, a town may also represent a public policy structure. These concepts are implicit, especially today when many residents of the United Kingdom reside in a municipality of some classification. A town may be perceived as a collection of edifices surrounded by a park which form a silhouette with the sky. A town may also be perceived as a political structure which is composed of constables and a cul de sac. What are the characteristics of a village? If an area is established as a town, what are the factors that in fluence its development and how long may the locality be designated a town? This becomes a subject of deeper inquiry. The responses have been clarified by archaeologists who discuss the attributes. (De La Bedoyer 1992). The concept of town in the society which has been demonstrated from the legacies of the Graeco- Roman civilization continue to exist today. In Britain, there is a pronounced distinction from the oriental, central and southern regions of the landscape. There has been a geographical dividing line which is characterized as â€Å"Fosse Way†. The manner in which a town develops is equated with the environment in which it inhabits. Greece has been administered by the city- state government in where cities administered their suburbs. The city and the land which composed it became the elements of a constitution system. The same phenomenon occurred in the formation of Rome. Rome became the geographical capitol of Italy. The fact that the location of Rome enabled the fo rmation of a military system. The location of Rome also enabled the sense of citizenship and community which was expressed in the Senatus Populus Romanus which is translated into the Senate and People of Rome. Rome was acknowledged as â€Å"the City† (De La Bedoyer 1992). Discussion The construction of municipalities is one of the most recognized accomplishments of modern society. Cities have always been demonstrative of the conditions of the society in which they partake. This demonstration is manifested by the number of decisions which must be made by its inhabitants on a daily basis. In some situations, these decisions have become integrated to synthesize the perspective of clarity and form which is worthy of what has been conceived. It is the premise of concept which enables the additional comprehension of the implications of these choices. These concepts may be applied to the formation of cities in the present day. This perspective will explore the motivations of these c hoices as they have transpired in the history. The external factors which have caused the formation of cities will also be examined. The changing nature with which cities have been conceived and their synthesis will be explored. The aspiration is to dissipate the concept which has been traditionally perceived, that the cities are a unique phenomenon which occur outside of the scope of consciousness of its members. The members of these cities

Issues with Going Professional in Athletics Career

Issues with Going Professional in Athletics Career Do you think that high school athletes should be able to go professional right after they are done with their high school career? This question is a big argument between many people through out the sports world. This is a big debate because nowadays athletes are becoming bigger, stronger, and faster right out of high school. This is happening because athletes are some of the highest paid people in the world. People in the world are actually breeding for their kids to be a sort of super athlete. Many kids are starting to be trained early in age for sports and to be able to make it further in the sports world. There are some people who believe if high school athletes are physically ready for professionals in a sport that they should be able to go right into it. On the other side of this argument many people believe that high school athletes need to get there education and should go to college where they can play sports and then be drafted to a professional league after their college career is done. In many peoples minds that if an athlete is that ready for professional sports that the athletes should have no problem in collegiate athletics and should standout. Many people believe that the athletes college career will only give them more experience and will help them be better once they are able to make it to the draft and plus they are also getting their education just in case something does happen and they do not make it in the professionals. Many athletes do not make it in professional athletics and by making athletes go to college they can rely on their career and will still be well off in the world. For example, the NFL will not let you enter the draft until you have completed three years in college or in college athletics. This is a ru le to make sure that athletes go to college but after three years many athletes enter the draft and do not finish their career. This is a huge problem because the athlete will not have their career to fall back on. There are only a couple rules athletes must follow for the NBA draft. The first rule is that they must have been in college for one year in order to be entered into the draft. This is because they want athletes to at least try the college experience and to at least be able to make it to college as well. Another rule for the NBA draft is that the athlete must be nineteen years of age and one year removed from high school. These rules were made in the year 2006 and have been enforced ever since. These rules are a very good idea because it makes athletes go to college, which is a good thing. This can also be a bad thing because some athletes can not make it to college and that is a problem for some athletes. The age requirement is a good idea I think because at eighteen years old I dont know if you are ready to play with people like Shaq or someone like that. This rule can work both ways though because there has been many athletes go straight to the draft at eighteen and did very well f or them. A former player says, â€Å"The special ones who can go pro should be allowed to do it.† (Beck H. (2005, June 28)). A key example for this is LeBron James and Dwight Howard! There are amazing athletes and were drafted straight out of high school and were actually first round picks! There have been many players like this such as Kevin Garnett, Tracy McGrady, and Kobe Bryant. In some ways many people think that the age requirement is a good idea because it gives you an extra year for your body to grow or even your mind to grow. This helps athletes to be ready to be a professional and it lets them train and get even better than they already are. Many basketball coaches believe that the draft rules are very good and could change the age requirement to twenty if wanted. They believe that making the age requirement later will just encourage young athletes to go to college even more and then they might realize the importance of a college degree and what they can do with it after their basketball career is over. Many coaches believe that a lot of young athletes are not ready to compete at that high of a level many are not use to traveling that much or even being away from their family and friends that much. â€Å"If you can go to war and die for your country, or go to prison for the rest of your life at 17, then you should also be eligible to go pro at 17.†(Freeman, M. (2004)) A lot of athletes will still be maturing mentally and physically if able to be drafted straight from high school. A lot of younger athletes still do not take responsibility for themselves and their actions. With great privileges, comes great responsi bilities and many people think that high school athletes are not ready for these yet! The NFL has different rules to their draft than other professional organizations. In the NFL draft you must have completed three years in college. There is really no age limit in the NFL draft because you can enter it when you are a senior, junior or even a redshirt sophomore. The only requirement is the three years in college. There have been some athletes who have made it to the NFL straight from high school but this took place a very long time ago because the NFL has had tight rules on these types of things for quite a while. In the NHL draft which is the draft for professional hockey has slim to none rules on entering the draft. They are one of the only sports you can be drafted straight to a professional out of high school. There have been quite a few people who have done it and a major athlete who has done great things is Sid â€Å"The Kid† Crosby. He was drafted straight out of high school and was a huge impact on the NHL he is an amazing athlete and takes on all the veterans of the sport. It is said his name is going to be more known than Wayne Gretzgys. He is breaking records and making new ones as he is a magnificent scorer. The reason that hockey does not have a so called age limit is because there are young people that are better than the older people and once your good you are usually good for a long time. Then there is the MLB draft for Major League Baseball. In the MLB you can be drafted right out of high school if you are good enough. Usually if drafted straight out of high school the franchise will put you on their minor league team to test your ability and if you do well they will move you up to the majors. You can be drafted at any time as long as you are not enrolled in some sort of schooling at the time. There are a lot of high school athletes drafted to the MLB especially pitchers because they are the most needed seeming their arms do not last very long. The most high school athletes that enter the draft are from California. This happens because California is a huge state and has very good baseball programs. Immigration is a huge topic among sports these days. For high school athletes going professional immigration is a huge deal. In America we have some of the highest paying sports and the best sports in the world. Many Immigrants know this and are come to America just for sports. For instance, Sammy Sosa is from the Dominican Republic and is an amazing baseball player. His parents and he had him come to America to be able to play baseball professionally and to make money off of a career he loved. In the Dominican Republic there is not as much money there and Sammy could not afford just to play baseball, he had to work and help his family make it in tough times. There are many families bringing their kids to America if they are good at sports because they have a better shot here of making it big and doing something they love while making money. There are Immigrants all over in our high school athletes and they are very good. Their families have made sacrifices for them to be here to play the game they love in hope that they will make it professional. Baseball is a huge sport for this and so is football and basketball also. Immigration makes it so that people can make it here in sports and help take care of their families back home and there are many immigrants being drafted to the professional leagues. Some examples of Immigrants who have made it big here in sports are: Yao Ming, Paul Gasol, Peja Stolakivich, and many more. So as you can see, Immigration ties right into this topic and actually affects it a lot more than most people think. Another major role in this topic is what kind of high school you have attended. This is a big deal because there are basically two types of schools. There are public schools and private schools. As we all know most public schools are very poor funded and usually do not have a lot of money to spare. In private schools they usually have tons of money and could spare some. This is a huge factor for athletes; athletes who attend a private school have more opportunities and privileges than athletes at public schools. For example, private schools usually have very nice facilities and equipment and do not charge very much for athletes to play the game. At a public school the prices are a lot and there are not nice facilities and not very much money in the program. At private schools there are just coaches. They teach at the school also but are very intelligent in there sport. At public schools they take volunteers or pay a teacher very little to do it that has really no experience and not v ery well suited for the job. The private schools usually make better athletes because they can spend time, money, and the right training to make them good. In public schools this is hard and the athletes are kind of at a disadvantage. This affects them making to the Professionals and could make them not even be able to play in college. There are many great athletes out there but some have better situations and will make it farther because of that. This is how public schools affect high school athletes. All in all in my opinion I believe that athletes should be allowed to be drafted straight out of high school but I think there should be specific leagues just for rookies or high school athletes. I believe in like football there should be a league like the MLB. They will have some minor league teams and have all their young athletes play in that. Then if an athlete does very well in this league you can bring him up or send him back down whenever need be. I think this will help a lot on this issue. Dont get me wrong I believe athletes should be student athletes but some people are just not cut out for school. It should be the persons choice and they get to decide. The smart athletes that care about their future will still go to college and get a degree or they will do it online or something like that. Athletes will realize that they need a backup plan because their bodies are not going to last forever. So in my opinion I believe they should be able to go professional.

I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King Essay

â€Å"I have a dream† was a speech delivered on August 28, 1963 by Martin Luther King in Lincoln Memorial Washington D. C. Martin Luther King’s role or position in his speech is that of an illustrator, or a mediator of peace and equality. He becomes one of those people who have seen the light and wanted to share this light to those other individuals who are still in the dark. He wanted or dreamed of a community wherein racial discrimination is no longer an issue. His ideal community is where everybody is free, no biases for either black or white people nor black or white community. He is in a position as to persuade the people to become more vigilant in watching their freedom and in receiving or wanting equality and justice. He also wanted each and every people to understand that one’s freedom or destiny is bound to the other. Because of this, he wanted everybody to properly exercise civil rights and must not prevent people from using this privilege. Generally, the intended audience of the speech is the black people, and also those who are not such as the white people, but are living with black people or in black communities. However, everybody can read or listen to his speech or statement because of the underlying principles included in his speech and his dreams or ideals can be utilized or preferred as a model for civil rights. â€Å"I have a dream† greatly inspires and effectively infuses its point of view to its audience, transforming dreams into reality and despair into hope; we dream of being free, and we become free because of this dream. Martin Luther King was prompted to write or make the statement or speech because of the continuing slavery that entangles each and every people, especially for the black people or communities. In addition to this, the belief and treatment or actions of the black people against the white people had alarmed the author to write or make this speech to the public. According to Martin Luther King, the slavery of the black people may have been released or abolished because of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. However, nowadays or 100 years later, this freedom from slavery is still ambiguous and it does not exist. In addition to this, Martin Luther King believes that there are still a lot of people who are experiencing police brutality and social discrimination. In addition to this, he thinks that the rights and privileges which were given to the people, especially the black people, is not properly implemented or received by the black communities. Martin Luther King takes on the affirmative side or in favor for equality amongst the black people and also the white people. He clearly shows or supports his stand through several examples and emphasis on his words or statements. Martin Luther King claims that every individual should learn to respect and give what is right to their neighbors. He is aware that there are people who are still suffering beyond the hands of law. He reasons this out by giving examples of those who were misunderstood, brutally beaten indiscriminately and provides logic as to why dreaming is an important part in one’s body. Martin Luther King is qualified to be a speaker or author of such paper because of his records and performance not only as a politician but also an individual who greatly cares for justice and freedom. I believe that the assumptions, ideas or claims of Martin Luther King are correct and good, with some deviances especially through the use of audio, video or format or instructions at more school. He was able to provide examples of real life situations where the civil rights of an individual becomes hindered. In addition to this, the audio and video formats are very much entertaining and at the same time, inform the audience of the predicaments of equality or justice in nations or communities. However, there are some claims or dreams which are somehow impossible to attain such as complete equality and freedom from prejudice from all countries or states. Being able to read Martin Luther King’s work, my perspective before to ignore claims and evidences and become settled in what the community gives me, had greatly changed. As such, the degree of my trust towards Martin Luther King did increase due to his great speech which is definitely eye-opening. The author has refutations that include the fulfillment of his dream or conditions in order to achieve a country, state or community. He also refutes the fact that freedom is already complete. The refutations made by Martin Luther King are really effective. In addition to this, he uses great emphasis on his words and greatly touches the sympathy of those who are listening to his speech. He was able to clearly state his dreams, one after the other and manage to state options or categories which would fulfill his dreams. His last statement â€Å"Free at last! Free at last! † gives hopes and restore the faith which people have for change and better living. As an individual who had already received the light from Martin Luther King, my desire for helping other people and providing equality or non-biased reactions had increased. My hopes for a better communication and media for spreading the word of the real scenario on freedom and equality also increased because of the persuasive message or speech delivered by Martin Luther King, Somehow, a part of me already wants to do something in order to help and at least be able to create balance within communities. In addition to this, his metaphor of a ring, representing one goal, and fingers representing the people, is really amazing and in reality lightens my belief. I thought that we are already saved, but the paper of Martin Luther King had taught me well. Works Cited Jr. , Dr. Martin Luther King. â€Å"American Rhetric: Martin Luther King Jr. : I Have a Dream. † Atlanta, 2008. February 11, 2008. Intellectual Properties Management. .

Medicine: Portfolio Tasks Essay

Portfolio Task: Module 1 â€Å"Effective study skills are the sole foundation of a sound education†. Study skills or study strategies are approaches applied to learning. They are generally critical to success in school, considered essential for acquiring good grades, and useful for learning throughout one’s life. Study skills are fundamental to academic competence. Effective study skills are associated with positive outcomes across multiple academic content areas and for diverse learners. Study skills improve the competences associated with acquiring recording, organizing, remembering and using information. These skills also contribute to success in both employment and non – academic settings. Studying is often an individual activity and what works for one student with regards to study may not work for someone else. Self regulation is an important aspect of study skills. Having the ability to goal set, work towards deadlines and have persistence in the subject the student is studying will help achieve success. In effect good studiers are good strategy users, they know how to use a variety of goal specific tactics, to execute them in a planned requence and monitor their use. A sufficient amount of time needs to be dedicated to studying to achieve the best outcome. Effective study skills may also help with issues such as confidence and organisational skills which are used in every day activities some students take notes whilst they are reading to help them understand what they are reading. Others students may wish to â€Å"think about† as it helps students to understand and retain information. Many students find that by repeating information they retain it. There is little doubt that no two people study the same way, and it is a near certainty that what works for one person may not work for another. The results of poor study skills are wasted time, frustration, and low or failing grades. It’s your life, your time, and your future. Effective study skills must be practiced in order for you to improve. It is not enough to simply â€Å"think about† studying; you have to actually do it, and in the process use information from what you do t o get better. http://www.wikihow.com/Improve-Your-Study-Skills http://psychcentral.com/lib/top-10-most-effective-study-habits/000599 http://www.adprima.com/studyout.htm http://www.palgrave.com/skills4study/studyskills/learning/effective.asp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Study_skills Portfolio Task: Module 2 â€Å"Briefly describe the importance of the interaction between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in maintaining the body s internal balance†. When you breathe in air through your mouth and nose it travels to your lungs. Oxygen from the air is absorbed into your bloodstream through your lungs. Your heart then pumps oxygen-rich (oxygenated) blood through a network of blood vessels (arteries) to tissues including your organs, muscles and nerves, all around your body. When blood reaches the capillaries in your tissues it releases oxygen, which cells use to function. Cells release waste products, such as carbon dioxide and water, which your blood absorbs and carries away. The used (deoxygenated) blood then travels through your veins and back towards your heart. Your heart pumps the deoxygenated blood back to your lungs, where it absorbs fresh oxygen, releases the carbon dioxide and the cycle starts again. The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The respiratory system does this through breathing. When we breathe, we inhal e oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases is the respiratory system’s means of getting oxygen to the blood. Respiration is achieved through the mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm. Oxygen enters the respiratory system through the mouth and the nose. The oxygen then passes through the larynx (where speech sounds are produced) and the trachea which is a tube that enters the chest cavity. In the chest cavity, the trachea splits into two smaller tubes called the bronchi. Each bronchus then divides again forming the bronchial tubes. The bronchial tubes lead directly into the lungs where they divide into many smaller tubes which connect to tiny sacs called alveoli. The average adult’s lungs contain about 600 million of these spongy, air-filled sacs that are surrounded by capillaries. The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli and  then diffuses through the capillaries into the arterial blood. Meanwhile, the waste-rich blood from the veins releases its carbon dioxide into the alveoli. T he carbon dioxide follows the same path out of the lungs when you exhale. The diaphragm’s job is to help pump the carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull the oxygen into the lungs. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscles that lies across the bottom of the chest cavity. As the diaphragm contracts and relaxes, breathing takes place. When the diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs. The cardiovascular system is part of the larger circulatory system, which circulates fluids throughout the body. The circulatory system includes both the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system moves blood throughout the body, and the lymphatic system moves lymph, which is a clear fluid that’s similar to the plasma in blood. Blood contains nutrients from the foods you eat and oxygen from the air you breathe. It also contains hormones and cells that fight infection. The blood also transports waste products to various places that then promptly remove the waste from the body. The parts of the cardiovascular system include the heart, which is the organ that pumps the blo od, and a network of blood vessels: Arteries: The blood vessels that take blood away from the heart Veins: Blood vessels that return blood to the heart Capillaries: Very small vessels that lie between the arteries and veins The portal vein and its tributaries carry blood from parts of the digestive system to the liver before reaching the heart. The heart is a muscular pump with four chambers inside: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. Those four chambers allow the heart to pump blood through the following two circulatory pathways: Systemic circulation: Takes oxygen-rich blood to the tissues and organs of the body Pulmonary circulation: Takes oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood back to the heart again. 1. The left ventricle of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium. 2. Blood is ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta, a large artery. The ascending aorta sends blood to the upper thorax, upper extremities, neck, and head. The descending aorta sends blood to the lower thorax, the abdomen, the pelvis, and the lower extremities. 3. The blood leaves the ascending and descending parts of the aorta and enters a network  of systemic arteries that run to all places of the body. 4. Blood passes from the smallest arteries (called arterioles) into the capillary beds. In the capillary beds, blood exchanges oxygen, nutrients, and waste products with the tissues. 5. The oxygen-poor blood leaves the capillary beds via small veins (called venules) and drains into a network of systemic veins that eventually lead to the venae cavae (either of the two large veins leading into the heart). The superior vena cava receives blood from the upper thorax, head, neck, and upper extremities. The inferior vena cava receives blood from the lower thorax, the abdomen, the pelvis, and the lower extremities. 6. The venae cavae empty the oxygen-poor blood into the right atrium of the heart. After systemic circulation, the blood in the right atrium is depleted of oxygen, so it needs to go to the lungs to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen. The pathway from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is called pulmonary circulation, and it takes the following path: 1. The right ventricle receives the oxygen-depleted blood from the right atrium. 2. The blood leaves the right ventricle and enters the pulmonary trunk, which splits into two pulmonary arteries. 3. The pulmonary arteries lead to the lungs, where exchange of gases takes place. Carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, and oxygen enters the blood. 4. Blood leaves the lungs via the pulmonary veins.  The pulmonary veins carry freshly oxygenated blood to the heart while the systemic veins carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart. 5. The oxygenated blood enters the left atrium of the heart. The blood in the left atrium moves into the left ventricle and enters the systemic circulation. http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/systems/respiration.html http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/circulatory-system/MM00636 http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/what-is-the-cardiovascular-system.html Portfolio Task: Module 3 â€Å"When you ask a patient to plantar flex a foot, what changes occur within the muscles involved?† Plantar flexion is the movement which increases the approximate 90 degree angle between the front part of the foot and the skin, as when depressing an automobile pedal or standing on the tip toes. The movement in the opposite  direction is dorsifexion, where the dorsal part (top) of the foot is moved in a manner towards the tibia. It ocurs at the ankle. The range of motion for planter flexion is usually indicated in the lterature as 30 to 40 degree, but sometimes also 50 degree. The nerves are primarily from the sacral spinal cord roots S1 and S2. Compression of S1 roots may result in weakness in plantar flexion. These nerves run from the lower back to the bottom of the foot. Plantar flexion is the movement of the foot away from the body by bending the ankle. The joints in the ankle are highly involved in plantar flexion.  Ankle movement is made possible by the meeting of three bones: tibia (shinbone or leg), fibula (the small bone in leg) and the talus (a large bone in foot). The end of tibiaconstitutes the inner postion of the ankle, wheareas the outer portoon of the ankle is formed by fibula. The ony bulges on either side of toe ankle are called malleoli which aid is stability of the ankle, joints while standing or walking. Primary muscles for plantar flexion are: Posterior compartment of leg Superficial Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris (only weak participation) Deep Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior Lateral compartment of leg (only weak participation) Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantarflexion#Flexion_and_extension_of_the_foot Portfolio Task: Module 4 â€Å"A patient comes in with a hot inflamed toe, how does the circulatory system contribute to this process?† When inflammation occurs in the toes it can be caused by a number of conditions, such as gout, rheumatoid arthritis, bunions, bursitis, or ingrown toenails. Toe inflammation is typically a protective measure that the body takes in reaction to injury or the presence of bacteria. This is generally a normal occurrence and it is a part of the natural way that the body heals. It may also be incorrectly triggered by certain conditions or diseases. Gout, which is a type of arthritic condition, is one of the more common causes of toeinflammation. Symptoms of gout often affect the big toe, in which case it may be referred to as podagra. The inflammation is a result of excess uric acid building up in the toe joint. Inflammation that is caused by gout is often seen in people who are overweight, diabetic, havekidney disease, or that are taking certain medications. Toe inflammation may also be caused by the autoimmune disease known as rheumatoid arthritis. For people with this condition, their body’s immune system attacks tissue that is healthy as opposed to responding to injury or bacteria. When this occurs at the toe joints, the result is inflammation. Eventually this will cause other toe problems that can lead to changes that affect a person’s ability to walk and wear most types of shoes. Inflammation is at the root of the most serious complications that occur after infection and injury. But while the course of molecular events leading to microbial infection of the inflammatory condition called sepsis is fairly well understood, is much less clear how and why physical injury can result in an inflammatory response similar dangerous. The process of acute inflammation is initiated by cells already present in all tissues, mainly resident macrophages, dendritic cells, histiocytes, Kupffer cells and mast cells. At the onset of infection, burns or other injury, these cells are activated and release inflammatory mediators responsible for clinical signs of inflammation. Vasodilation and increased blood flow resulting causes redness (rubor) and heat gain (heat), increased permeability of blood vessels produce an exudation (output) of plasma proteins and fluid in the tissues (edema), which manifests as a swelling (tumor). Some of the released mediators such as bradykinin increased pain sensitivity (hyperalgesia, pain). Mediator molecules also alters the blood vessels to allow migration of leukocytes, primarily neutrophils, outside the blood vessels (extravasation) in the tissue.  Neutrophils migrate along a chemotactic gradient created by local cells to reach the site of injury. The loss of function (functio Laesa) is probably the result of a neurological reflex in response to pain. In addition to cell-derived mediators, several acellular biochemical cascade systems is preformed plasma protein s act in parallel to initiate and propagate the inflammatory response. These include the complement system activated by the bacteria, and the systems of coagulation and fibrinolysis activated by necrosis, such as a burn or trauma. Human tissues respond to trauma by a complex series of events that have yet to be fully understood. This trauma may be mechanical, thermal, photo or chemical, or brought about through allergic or autoimmune events. If blood vessels have been injured, damaged platelets will activate the clotting cascade. Damaged tissues will release chemical messengers, which start the inflammatory process. In health, sequential phases of proliferation, maturation and repair of the damaged tissue follow inflammation. Blood cells and platlets, the immune system and nerves, chemical transmitters, and tissue cells such as macrophages are among the tissues and systems involved in inflammation. The molecular and cellular events during inflammation flow into and overlap with one with the other. Initially, neutrophils arrive, followed by macrophages, lymphocites and then fibroblasts, which lay down collagen. Epithelial cells migrate on from wound edges over the newly laid down dermis and healing is complete. Healing by first intention will close over 2 – 5 days; a wound healing by second intention will take longer, the time taken depending on the tissue area that needs to be filled in and covered. The predominance and sequence of mediator release will allow different types of inflammatory response to occur. The classic and clinical features of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling and pain; loss of function is sometimes included in this list. These features are brought about through chemical/inflammatory mediators released from damaged tissues. The main effects of these mediators are on the blood supply, causing vasodilation (redness and heat) and increased blood vessel permeability that allow plasma proteins and immunoglobulins to pass easily into the tissues. Pressure or nerve endings from the  interstitial fluid and the effect of some inflammatory mediators such as substance P and prostaglandins cause pain. Hot inflamed toe it is might be acute or chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and is by the increaced movement of plasma and leukocytes from the blood into the injured tissues. A coscade of biochemical events propagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local vascular system, the immune system, and various cells within the injured tissue. Chronic inflammation leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process. The respiratory system gets the oxygen it needs and the circulatory system bring the oxygen along with many other products in the blood to the toe. The digestive system helps obtain nutrients for the toe which the blood brings as part of the circulatory system. http://lyceum.algonquincollege.com/lts/AandPResources/videos/2-4_Inflammatory.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation http://www.researchomatic.com/essay/Role-Of-Circulatory-System-Inflammatory-Response-56305.aspx http://www.wisegeek.com/what-causes-toe-inflammation.htm Portfolio task: Module 5 â€Å"Discuss the possible presenting symptoms after a hard knock on the leg in the area behind the knee†. A hard knock on the leg to the area behind the knee would certainly be painful. A hard knock to the posterior of the knee could cause many symptoms, depending on the severity of the hit and how long ago it occured. The knee could be swollen or bruiced. Range of motion may be less, or painful. The person may limp or be unable to fear weight. The kneecap could be displaced. The patient will likely complain of moderate to severe pain. Because the knee is not meant to be hyper-extended, the person should go to an ER for X-ray or other imaging. Might be the inability to properly bend or  straighten the knee. Elevate the leg. Alternate between warm moist heat and ice. To help keep the swelling is check, use an ace bandage to supportthe knee. Dont wrap so tightly that it causes indentantion in the skin. Area behind the knee called the popliteal forsa. The nerves most important nerve travelling throught this area is the popliteal nerve that travels to the lower leg and foot and allowing both sensation and motor strength. Injury to the popliteal nerve can cause numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness in the lower leg, ankle and foot. Vascular injury could cause a bleed from either popliteal artery or vein causing a hematoma or blood pool that could causesignificant pain in the area. The main types of injury could include soft tissue, muscle, nerve and artery/vein , ligaments and menesci. A skin and soft tissue injury could include a mild contusion with some redness or brusing. Serathes may occur. If there is a deeper penetration and not appropriate would care, an infection could form causing a skin and soft tissue infection known as a cellulitis. Injury to the muscle could include a tear of the plantaris muscle which travels throught the area of the popliteal fossa. tear of this muscle will not result in too much deformity or motor deficits, but can cause significant pain. The hamstrings insert near the region of the popliteal fossa and could be affected as well causing pain, but unlikely deformity or decreased range of motion. Damage to the ligaments can result in severe pain and disability. The posterior cruciate ligament and the lateral ligaments: the medial collateral ligament and the lateral collateral ligament commonly occur with injury during sports and can cause severe disabling pain and motor dysfunction. These are the main ligaments that allow for smooth motion during knee flexion and extension and a tear which occurs commonly often requires invasive surgical repair. Finally the menisci which are cartilaginous structures found inside the knee joint that allow for smooth movement of the bones in the leg. A meniscal tear can occur in a sports  accident as above with the ligamentous injuries and cause significant pain and decreased range of motion at the knee. This may likewise require surgical evaluation and correction to restore function and eliminate pain. Because the knee is a complicated region and the back of it has many important structures including veins, arteries, nerves, and muscle components, a hard knock to the knee can be extremely debilitating and should be avoided whenever possible. Protection of the knee with appropriate gear is critical when dangerous activities are being attempted. http://www.justanswer.com/medical/5lrvt-500-words-referenced-study-following-discuss-possible.html http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/826792-clinical Portfolio Task: Module 6 Write a proparly referenced essay on the treatment and management of a patient with corns When we walk or stand or body weigh is carried first on the heel and then on the ball of the foot where the skin is thicker to withstand the pressure. When this pressure becomes intense, growth in the form of corns and callus may appear. Corns always occur over a bony prominence, such as a joint. A corn is a small areas of hard skin, roughly round in shape, which press into the skin. They are often found over high-pressure areas of the foot.  There are five different types of corns. The two most common are hard and soft corns. Hard corns the most common and appears as small, concentrated areas of hard skin up to the size of a small pea, usually within a wider area of thickened skin or callous, and can be symptoms of feet or toes not functioning properly. Soft corns develop in a similar way to hard corns. They are whitish and rubbery in texture, and appear between toes, where the skin is moist fromsweat or from inadequate drying. A podiatrist will be able to reduce the bulk of the corns and apply antringents to cut down on sweat  retentionbetween the toes. If a corn is left untreated it will become painful. A corn will not get better on its own unless the pressure that originally caused the corn is removed. If the cause is not removed then the skin will continue to thicken and become more painful. After some time the body may treat the corn as a foreign body and an ulcer or abscess could develop. These can be serious, especially if they become infected. Infection is a very serious complication for individuals with diabetes, poor circulation and peripheral neuropathy. There are many over the counter corn remedies and plasters that are readily available. These, however, do not treat the cause of the corn and can be risky in many individuals such as those with diabetes, poor circulation, frail skin etc. Podiatric management of corns at Podiatry includes: a thorough assessment to determine the cause of the corn implementation of a management / treatment plan Management plans for the treatment of corns commonly consist of: maintenance appointments to keep the corn reduced use of padding to prevent the pressure footwear fitting advice provision of foot orthotics or supports to relieve the pressure under the foot surgical correction of the bony prominence that may be causing the high pressure area Most corns and calleures gradually disappear when the friction or preassure stops, although doctor (cheropodist) may shave the top of a calleus to reduce the thickners. Properly positionece moleskin pads can help relieve pressure on a corn. There are also special corn and callus removal liquids and plasters, usually containing saliaytic acid, but there are not suitable everyone. Oral antibiotics generally clear up infected corns, but pus may have to be drained through a small incision. Moisturising creams may help the skin and remove cracked callures. Apply the misturiing cream to the callus and cover the area for 30-60 minutes with a  plastic bag or a rock. Than gently rub off as much of the callus as you can with a worm towel or soft brush. Using the pumice stone first to rub off a dead skin from a callus after a bath or shower and talk applying moisturaising cream can also be effective. There are also stronger creams containing urea that might be more effective, but do not use these unless recommended by doctor or cheropodist.  May consider surgery to remove a planter callus, but there are no guarantees that the callus will not come back. A conservative approach is best initially. Keep your feet dry and friction – free. Wear proparly fitted shoes and cotton socks, rather then wool or synthetic fibres that might irritate the skin. If a podiatrist thinks your corn or callus i caused by abnormal foot structure your walking motion or hip rotation, orthopaedic shoe inserts or surgery to correct foot deformitie may help correct the problem. When complete reduction of the corn is achievied than 25% or 50% silver nitrate solution may be applied. Example of products that can be used to treat corns and callus include: special rehydratation creams for thickened skin; protective corn plasters; customosed soft padding or foam insoles; small foam wedges that are placed between the toes to help relieve soft corns; special silicone wedges that change the position of your toes or redistribute pressure. http://www.manchesterpodiatry.co.uk/chiropody/corns.html http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1089807-treatment