The Drum Women At Valley Forge - 1841 Words

The book Following the Drum Women at the Valley Forge Encampment gave a very good incite to not just what it was like for the men at Valley Forge, but what it was like for the women who were there. â€Å"In the winter of 1777-8 at Valley Forge there were about one woman of every forty-four men† (Loane 133). I think book stressed that these women were incredibly helpful in the effort to rebuild this army through the rough winter, no matter what their job were. Although â€Å" Washington did not think much of the women with the army; he once commanded every woman to leave camp, no matter what her contribution or marital state. The General’s unfavorable attitude toward the common camp women did not extend to all women Valley Forge† (4). To me it’s interesting that General Washington said this about the women there, because throughout the book I felt Washington enjoyed the presence of his wife and the other troop’s wives at the encampment. I feel like A mericans typically perceive the story of Valley Forge as a battle. Attacks never came from the British during the time the Continental Army was at the encampment. They believe that tons of lives were lost there, when in reality, it was just a place for them to make it through the winter. I think the book reinforces the perceptions of what happened there since, â€Å"There was between fifteen hundred and three thousand men that died at Valley Forge, not from their wounds, but from disease† (119). This statement reinforces the fact that noShow MoreRelatedComparative Study of Pakistan Chinese Cultures13385 Words   |  54 Pagesspeak to what we think, is culture. You only notice this really when you change place and enter another culture. Try crossing a border, any border, and you will feel it. American culture regulates such encounters differently; speech between men and women who interactions differently in Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, one The word culture has always had m ultiple meanings. In one sense of the Word, culture is are not direct acquaintances is more tolerated so long as inappropriate speech or physical Read MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagespython enjoying the sun?) A. Àba nà   nká »  Fine (lit. Back and sides) iron hook for fastening windows or doors or joining a canoe, or used by medicine men, usu. forced into ground cassava (especially boiled and sliced) (cf. okà ¬là ¬ 2.) cloth used mostly by women (Dutch print), also akwÄ  à  bà  da width; breadth; state or quality of being wide or broad be wide, broad, flat: Wà ¨talá » ¥ m# nni Ç ¹kà ¨ m n’ime afele dÄ «Ã¯â‚¬ ¬ abadaba Bring me my own food in a broad flat plate fruit of iroko (used for feeding goats, sheep, etc.):Read More1000 Word Essay85965 Words   |  344 Pageswithin the limits of the laws of localities, states, and host nations. 2. Create and sustain effective units by eliminating discriminatory behaviors or practices that undermine teamwork, mutual respect, loyalty, and shared sacrifice of the men and women of America s Army. (AR 600-20 June 2006 / 6-1 / PDF 56) What are the three policies each commander is required to publish and post on equal opportunity? Written command policy statements for EO Prevention of Sexual Harassment Equal OpportunityRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pagesquestioning (ninety-sixth percentile) and networking (ninetyeighth percentile). The point is that each of these innovative entrepreneurs did not score high on all ï ¬ ve of the discovery skills. They each combined the discovery skills uniquely to forge new insights. Just as each person’s physical DNA is unique, an innovator’s DNA comprises a unique combination of skills and behaviors. innovator, you will need to ï ¬ gure out which of these skills you can improve and which can be distinguishingRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesDavid Cherrington, Brigham Young University John Collins, Syracuse University Kerri Crowne, Temple University Todd Dewett, Wright State University Andrew J. Dubrin, Rochester Institute of Technology Steven Edelson, Temple University Norma Givens, Fort Valley State University Barbara A. Gorski, St. Thomas University David Hampton, San Diego State University Stanley Harris, Auburn University Richard E. Hunt, Rockhurst College Daniel F. Jennings, Baylor University Avis L. Johnson, University of Akron xx

Gender Stereotypes In Disney - 1523 Words

Disney strongly portrays gendered stereotypes using their eleven official princesses. Young children, specifically young girls in this case, are extremely susceptible to being influenced by the portrayal of these gendered stereotypes. Golden and Jacoby performed research regarding how preschool girls interpret the gendered stereotypes shown through Disney Princess media, through both the young girls’ pretend play behaviors and the discussion of the princesses. Golden and Jacoby performed this research project in order to examine the perception of young girls in relation to princesses and awareness of gender-role stereotypes, a different research study found that girls who lived and accepted gendered stereotypes, in believing that women†¦show more content†¦The pretend play observation was conducted by both the first author and a trained research assistant. These observations consisted of a three-hour observation, one hour each day, of the free play time of each class. The researchers tracked each child individually, keeping each participant’s data separate from the others. During the first hour of the pretend play observation period, the researchers watched the children play without the introduction of stimuli, also known as â€Å"business as usual.† Upon the completion of the â€Å"business as usual† period, either the teacher or a researcher would set an opened box of dress-up costumes in the play section of the classroom. The box consisted of twelve mass produced costumes in total, with six being the official Disney princesses: Cinderella, Rapunzel, Tiana, Merida, Jasmin, and Mulan, and six non-princess costumes advertised as â€Å"girl costumes†, in order to disentangle the relationship between princess and novel stimuli. The non-princess costumes included Wonder Women, a pink Power Ranger, Transformers: Optimus Prime for girls, Violet from The Incredibles, a bumblebee, and a lady bug; though the play behaviors s hown with these costumes were not recorded. Every seven minutes of free playtime, the researchers would fill out a snapshot observation form, each taking three to four minutes to complete, to record the percentage of timeShow MoreRelatedGender Stereotypes In Disney1711 Words   |  7 PagesNot Born a Disney Princess, but the Tiara May Fit What young girl does not dream of becoming a princess and living in a castle happily ever after? Virtually every young girl identifies with princesses and has watched at least one Disney Princess movie. From the first movies of Snow White and Cinderella, to the later movies of The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast, to the most current movie Moana, Disney Princess movies permeate not only the movie theaters, but also our culture. In fact, â€Å"becomingRead MoreGender Stereotypes In Disney1981 Words   |  8 PagesGender stereotypes in Disney Films Disney is one of the most successful and largest companies in the world. They have their hand in nearly every form of entertainment as well as media, and broadcasting. Disney is best known for their animated films, unique cartoon characters, catchy musicals, and fairy tales that most of us were first introduced to as children. They are one of the few entertainment companies in the World whose primary demographic is children and teens. Nearly everybody is familiarRead MoreDisney Princess With Gender Stereotypes1858 Words   |  8 Pages1.1 Introduction Walt Disney has presented fairytales for thousands of children to love and enjoy, but most importantly to learn from. However, several individuals claim that the fairytales are nonsense and do not present real life situations to children. Nor do the films depict an appropriate representation of women and men. Especially when the majority of the films present Disney princess with gender stereotypes that deal primarily with body image and social behavior. It is also claimed that childrenRead MoreGender Stereotypes In Disney Princess Culture1356 Words   |  6 Pagespeople. Some individuals may have spent their childhood in the attire of their favorite Disney princess while they put on their best rendition of the character they admired most. Other children went seemingly unfazed by the phenomenon, as their peers remained spellbound by the magical world of princesses. With Disney’s debut of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, princess movies provided the defining factor of the Dis ney entertainment empire for years to come. From this, fairy tales embarked into a territoryRead MoreGender Stereotypes In The Disney Film Moana1918 Words   |  8 Pagestowards the exposure to topics that one might not typically be receptive towards. We will examine the representation of the gender ideology that is prevalent in the Disney film Moana in contrast to other Disney films. â€Å"Ideological Criticism† is a method of rhetorical analysis that goes far beyond the surface of an artifact, to extract the underlying belief/values it suggests. Gender is just one of the many ideologies that have become hegemonic in what people have established as â€Å"the norm† or â€Å"the statusRead MoreGender Stereotypes : Disney Princesses Are Not Harmful To Young Girls1027 Words   |  5 PagesGender Stereotypes: Disney princesses are not harmful to young girls In this New age, there are proposition how each gender should conduct oneself, dress, and accord themselves. Kids that are growing up in the area have a person that they think are superhuman. For young girls their role models are Disney princesses. Disney princesses make great role models for girls they teach girls to have hope and courage. All the princesses have different stories and that makes it better for girls to understandRead MoreGender Stereotypes : Are Disney Princesses Harmful? Young Girls?1020 Words   |  5 PagesGender Stereotypes: Are Disney princesses harmful to young girls? In this society, there are proposition how each gender should conduct oneself, dress, and accord themselves. Kids that are growing up in the area have a person that they think are superhuman. For young girls they role models are Disney princesses. Disney princesses make great role models to girls they teach girls to have hope and courage. All the princesses have different stories and that makes it better for girls to understand. AlthoughRead MoreEssay on Informative speech1259 Words   |  6 PagesOUTLINE] The Effects of Disney Films Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the different stereotypes Disney portrayed in their movies. Central Idea/Thesis Statement: Different types of stereotypes in Disney movies effect children’s view on gender roles. INTRODUCTION I. When you wish upon a star; makes no difference who you are†¦. Or does it? If you recognized this classic Disney song, that means you grew up watching Disney during your childhood. II. The Disney movie franchise has beenRead MoreWomen s Social And Mental Development1439 Words   |  6 Pagesprovide highly idolized characters, but creates unrealistic and falsified interpretation of what it mean to be a specific gender. As a result, it can be seen that today’s modern western pop cultural, has become globalized into an industry of gender roles in which has transformed mainstream television, commercial ads, movies and toys. Stereotypical traits have been assigned to each gender and has become a significant problematic concern among adults in raising children. With the significant rise for entertainmentRead MoreMulan Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesThe representation of women in Disney films has indefinitely transformed throughout the decades due to Disney’s need to gradually create conventional views and ideas of women. When comparing the 1998 Disney film, Mulan, and the 2016 Disney film, Moana, people may suggest that both are progressive feminist f ilms that accurately depict their individual cultures, while uplifting the women in these films. However, with further analysis, Mulan consists of not only sexist views towards women, but also

Bless Me Ultima is a novel by Rudolfo Anaya Essay Example For Students

Bless Me Ultima is a novel by Rudolfo Anaya Essay Children believe what their parents tell them but as they get older they start to question that which used to be unquestionable. Bless Me, Ultima is a novel by Rudolfo Anaya about a young Chicano boy, Antonio Juan Marez y Luna, who is growing up and seeing the world for how cruel it really is. A wise old curandera, or faith healer, Ultima, arrives just before Tony receives his first glimpse into the world of men. Ultima gives Tony spiritual healing throughout the book, as well as advice to keep him in harmony with nature and his spirit. The more Tony sees of death in the little town of Guadalupe, New Mexico, the more he questions the Christian God and turns towards the golden carp, a pagan god of the river. Rudolfo Anaya is indicating that each man must choose his own religion and destiny, by depicting the changes Tony feels after the deaths of Lupito, Narciso and Florence. Beforehand, Tony never questioned his faith but as each person died Tony turned farther and farther away from Catholicism and eventually even away from the pagan religion. Tony questioned his destiny and effectiveness as a priest, had doubts of the Catholic God and eventually of everything he had ever believed in, as Anaya shows that one strict religion isn t always the right way or the only way. The first step in Tony s spiritual journey is when he questions his family s long-standing belief in the Catholic religion and his own destiny to follow their dreams of him becoming a priest. Tony doubts his abilities as a priest, even though he is not one, because his mother dreams for him to become a priest. Subsequently, he believes that he should have been able to save Lupito s soul from wandering the river, because he will one day be required to. Whereas, A priest could have saved Lupito. (23), Tony feels guilty that he wasn t able to fulfill his duty even though it wasn t his. This shows that the destiny at first laid out by Catholicism may not be the one that is best suited to Tony. By not saving Lupito or his soul, the town Tony lives in is no longer pure in his eyes. The river is the lifeline of the town and once it is stained then the town will also be tainted with the murder of Lupito. Tony asks, How would I ever wash away the stain of blood from the sweet waters of my river! (23), and in doing so also questions why God puts such obstacles in the paths of innocent people. The Catholic God, it seems, is cruel and not as perfect as possibly believed. By growing up and becoming a man, boys witness acts of sin and commit a few acts themselves. Tony has witnessed sin but he is not a man because he has not committed any sins or seen enough to really understand the world he is living in. Tony is taught that, It was a sin to grow up and be a man. 31), by listening to his mother, and realizes that one day he would be grown up and lose his innocence to become a man. Because of this Tony sees how cruel God can be by putting boys on earth to grow up and become men. Tony asks whether his destiny and faith are the ones he wants to believe in and begins his journey towards changing his spiritual beliefs, and the golden carp only reinforces these doubts that Tony is just beginning to realize. The next step in Tony s spiritual journey begins when Tony sees another god and wonders whether this god is any kinder to his people than God. .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d , .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d .postImageUrl , .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d , .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d:hover , .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d:visited , .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d:active { border:0!important; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d:active , .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u65f6f39567d02374a63307d7a3135b8d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Atlanta Exposition By Washington EssayTony believed that God should have forgiven Narciso for his sins and not Tenorio because Tony was partial to Narciso. God is not partial and when he gives forgiveness to one man he must also give it to another, but Tony does not like this. God s response was I will†¦if you also ask me to forgive Tenorio. (173) Tony can t believe that his God would think of forgiving an evil man like Tenorio. Once Narciso dies and Tony sees the beauty of the golden carp Tony starts to wonder even more whether God is really as good and wonderful as Tony has been taught he is. Tony starts to doubt and question the God that before had been unquestionable, showing that maybe what is first believed isn t always right. Tony has †¦doubted the Lord! (174) because he starts to think that maybe the golden carp is a better god. Tony starts to see the golden carp as a new god, and a way to bring goodness to the people by shining its light upon the earth. The sun is a symbol of God because the sun brings life and joy to everything and can also be cruel and harsh. When there is a new sun, there is a new god that will shine a light upon the people and hopefully enlighten them to what they re doing wrong, but it will also bring with it new cruelty s that Tony does not foresee. With A new sun to shine its good light upon a new earth. (176) comes an ending and a new beginning for Tony to show that all things must come to an end, even beliefs. As Tony is jolted by the death of Narciso he doubts whether God exists and in doing so questions whether his beliefs of God have ever been justified. Tony s final spiritual step has him questioning whether there really is a God because the religions he knows seem to be based on gods who don t reply. Tony s faith is being destroyed by the realization that the old gods and their religions are dying. God and the golden carp are both old gods and when they are gone Tony has nothing left to believe in because there will be no god. In Tony s dream, he believes The old gods are dying†¦ (244) because he sees Cico kill the golden carp, whereas in real life Cico was like a preacher of the golden carp. The death of the gods confirms the idea that religions come and go and therefore no religion is right. Also, if there is no God in heaven to bear Tony s burden then Tony must bear it himself and he cannot live with the thought of what men do. Men, while powerless and insignificant, create so many problems that they can t solve and, like Tony, they need a God to help bear the burden. If there is †¦ no God in heaven to bear my burden†¦ (243) then Tony must bear the weight of the towns sins on his shoulders. As a result any religion that would put such weight on one person can t be the right religion. Tony once believed in the powers of God and he then learned that God did not always forgive and he could be cruel and mean. Narciso s death showed Tony that God could not forgive because then he would have to forgive everyone and Tony could not accept that. After seeing the golden carp Tony believed in the carp as a possible god, but Florence s drowning in the home of that god shattered that perfect vision. The golden carp should have been able to save Florence, but he didn t, so Tony no longer could believe in the golden carp as a shining example of a god. The destruction of Tony s faith in those religions resulted in him confessing, Everything I believed in was destroyed. (244). Anaya shows that no religion is perfect in the obliteration of all of Tony s faiths. There is nothing left that Tony believes in so he sees that he must believe in the magic and power of Ultima, because it has always been true to him. .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 , .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 .postImageUrl , .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 , .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66:hover , .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66:visited , .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66:active { border:0!important; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66:active , .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66 .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u20184b3f7ada09f01c8b8e721b2cce66:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How does Dickens present education in the novel Hard Times? EssayIn life people go through many different changes but spiritual changes are often the hardest on the person themself because it changes their whole belief system. Tony went through several changes spiritually in such a short time that at the end of the novel he doesn t believe in anything. Anaya shows that the religion at first thought to be perfect may not be, because there are so many different religions to choose from and not one of them is completely correct. Tony was introduced to a curandera and was trained by her as well, which leads the reader to believe that a new religion may come out of the dust and ashes of the old beliefs, following in the teachings of a curandera. Tony could not accept the fact that God was cruel and harsh, or that the golden carp could not have saved Florence even though the river was its home, in spite of the fact that his parents and friends believed deeply in these powers and still put all their faith in them. Ultima, it seems, is all that is left to believe in, because she has always been truthful, and protective. The vengeance that Tony wants on Tenorio is God s alone; however, with a new religion following in Ultima s practices Tony could punish Tenorio if he was still alive, and have vengeance for the deaths of his friends and not be punished for it because Tony would only be killing a witch. All humans must change and because they must, the world they live in, including their religions, must change with them or be lost in time. The Catholic religion failed to change into what Tony needed, and so did the pagan religion, so he stopped belieiving in them; however he saw Ultima s religion as a new unchartered way that he could create himself. At the end of Tony s spiritual journey he finds himself lost in a world that is prophesied to end and without a true belief in anything.

Technologies, E

Information Technology remains the key agent of change in the business world. IT has not only enhanced the efficiency and effectiveness of businesses but has also led to the creation of new business models and forms. E-business has emerged due to the impacts of IT on the business sector.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Technologies, E-business and Virtual Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The electronic economy has been marked by the emergence of pure virtual organizations and semi-virtual businesses. These organizations are growing at a faster rate compared to the brick and mortar companies in the physical world (Adams, 2003). This study highlights the importance of technology to the business world. The paper also gives attention to the importance of E-business and virtual organizations. Benefits of Information Technology Information Technology is the major tool that has transformed the business wor ld. IT has increased the efficiency and effectiveness of E-business. The technology enables business organizations to improve the accuracy of business operations. Operational errors are easily identified and controlled through effective utilization of IT-enabled devices. Business organizations use technology application tools of business management such as Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), and Supply Chain Management (SCM) to eliminate errors in operations and achieve efficiency. For instance, businesses can use ERP to ensure effective planning and allocation of resources (Collier Bienstock, 2006). The tool enables businesses to design effective strategies of resource allocation and control processes. ERP integrates all the operations of an organization through effective utilization of the available data. It can be used in project management to identify sources of deviations and ensure proper scheduling of project operations (Barua Konana, 2001). Enhanced communication is the other advantage of IT to the business world and especially in the field of E-business. Unlike brick and mortar companies that rely on paper for communication, virtual organizations utilize their virtual nature to enhance communication. In this case, the organizations can easily send and receive messages through internet-enabled devices. Elimination of paperwork in E-business also reduces the cost of operation and improves the performance. Information Technology has, therefore, reduced the cost of doing business for many organizations, which exist in the physical and virtual space (Barua Konana, 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Technology has also reduced the initial capital that is needed to start an online business. For example, starting a business in the virtual space only requires an entrepreneur to establish a reliable and eff ective website. The cost of establishing the website is a one-off investment that is not incurred on repetitive basis. The websites used in the E-business also enable investors to reduce the cost of product promotion (Bapna Gupta, 2005).  Time management is another beneficial aspect that is associated with technology in business. The entrepreneurs in E-business can easily sell their goods and services without travelling to the physical market place. The same case applies to the consumers who are able to access different varieties of goods and services at their own convenience. The customers who use online business services are able to choose different goods from different vendors. They determine the prices of the various goods and services through their purchasing power and the supply patterns in the market (Adams, 2003). General Environment of E-Commerce Online transactions are the major components of E-commerce. However, the transactions may take place in different environments . These environments determine the type of organizations in E-commerce (Collier Bienstock, 2006). Pure virtual environment is the most common type in E-Commerce. In such environments, the organizations assume virtual existence in the online world. The organizations in the pure virtual environment rely on internet connection to provide goods and services to their customers. Such businesses offer product catalogues at their websites for the customers. Their operation systems are automated by software, which offers direct services and assistance to the clients. Organizations that specialize in data management are some of the businesses that operate in the pure virtual environment. Other organizations include the Wedding Channel, Amazon, online advertising companies, and Ensemble. Organizations that exist in the virtual environment enjoy a low cost of operation and a reduced initial investment. For example, such organizations do not have to spend a lot of funds in building physical off ices, buying machines and equipment, and incur maintenance cost. Virtual organizations also spend less money in advertising and product promotion.  Apart from the pure virtual organizations, click-and-mortar is another form of business environment in E-commerce. An organization that exists in a click-and-mortar form has some aspects of virtual and physical existence. Such businesses may exist in the physical world and also in the online platform.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Technologies, E-business and Virtual Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The businesses can attract customers from both environments. The organizations give their customers the opportunity to choose the most reliable and efficient transaction. The customers can either transact online or go to the physical offices of the company. A good example of a click-and-mortar organization is the online banking method that has been adopt ed by most banks around the world. In the contemporary society, customers have the opportunity to bank online or visit the physical location of their banks (Adjei Noble, 2012).  Another business environment in E-commerce is brick and mortar. The organizations in this type of environment rely on physical existence to conduct their transactions. The businesses conduct most of their transactions offline. However, they rely on online transactions to attract more customers to their website and increase their sales. The businesses may also conduct online transactions when they purchase their raw materials from suppliers located in other countries. Unlike completely virtual organizations that mainly focus on digital products, brick-and-mortar organizations offer both physical and digital products. The organization may outsource the services of a virtual organization when selling their products in the online world. A good example of businesses that operate in the brick-and-mortar environ ment includes hotels and restaurants in the physical world. Most hotels and restaurants rely on online marketing to attract to their products. The online booking services offered by air flight companies are also a good example of a brick-and-mortar environment. In such cases, the customers buy the tickets online while the actual services are offered in the physical environment. Brick-and-mortar companies depend on their physical existence to offer customers services and increase customer satisfaction (OMB, 2008). E-Commerce Classification Based on the aforementioned E-commerce environments, it is, therefore, essential to classify the different categories involved. E-commerce is classified according to the nature of the parties involved. For example, in B2B classification the business transactions, in this case, involve businesses. Businesses are able to trade in the online world to get the right goods and services from different sources. One organization may act as a supplier of par ticular goods and services while the other receives the goods. For example, a private company in the online world may supply data management services to a government entity such as the ministry of registration. B2B classification involves the transaction of high volumes and value that take place mainly between two organizations (Barua Konana, 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In B2C classification, the business sells the goods to the consumers. This is the most common classification in E-commerce since most business organizations involve businesses and consumers. For example, when Amazon sells its books to the individual consumers such as students, the nature of the business involved in this case is B2C. The business targets its products to the direct consumers of the product (Anthony Grabski, 2006). C2B classification takes place when an individual consumer sells goods or services to a business. In this case, the business acts as the consumer of the products. For example, when a customer sells used books to Amazon, the nature of the business is C2B. The transaction mainly takes place when the company involved is interested in recycling the old products (Adams, 2003). C2C approach is another classification that is used in E-commerce. The transactions involve two different customers. Individual customers may exchange goods or services for reducing the co st of buying the goods from the organizations. C2C classification mainly takes place where consumers would like to exchange different goods or services. For example, students in different locations may exchange books or electronic materials (Adjei Noble, 2012). Financial Infrastructure for Development E-business development requires a well organized and comprehensive financial infrastructure. The development of the infrastructure must be based on the various activities involved in the operation of E-business. The most important aspect in the development of E-business is the establishment of a reliable website. The supplier building the E-business website should provide accurate invoicing for the various equipment involved. The other important element is the payment system which enables the customers to pay for their services immediately after buying the purchase. A good payment system should facilitate sharing of information between the various departments of the organization. For instance, the production department should be able to share the information with sales section. The two departments determine product pricing and the profits of an organization (Anthony Grabski, 2006).  Service architecture also determines the financial infrastructure in E-business development. Ability to access the services offered by an organization with regards to the location and the people involved determines the financial implications involved when selling the products. Another element that determines the service architecture is the range of services offered. In this case, elements such as interaction, integration, product features, and functionality greatly determine the financial requirements when developing the products. Reliable service architecture in E-business should enable the customers to perform multiple transactions at low cost. Integration of various systems in an organization also determines the financial infrastructure in E-business development. Integration of the service architecture with information system may require an organization to spend a lot of funds in developing the reliable programs and software for automated transactions. A good example is the integration of the ordering system with the distribution mechanisms, which employ the requirements of the information system and the service architecture. The requirements may also be extended to include vital operations such as security issues and cost control measures (OMB, 2008). In other situations, operations such as hardware installation, training services, marketing initiatives, and customer relationship management may be not included when determining the initial investment in E-business. These operations tend to change with the existing business conditions and customer requirements. However, wages to be paid to the employees should be determined during the initial stages. The number of employees should be determined during E-business development stage. In addition, tax requirem ents or other funds that have legal obligations should also be determined during the initial stages (Bapna Gupta, 2005). Technology Based on the infrastructural requirements in E-business development, different technological tools are important for the existence of E-business. Technology determines the various frameworks used in E-business environments. For example, the network computing system has enabled organizations and consumers to conduct their transactions in various ways (Bapna Gupta, 2005). E-business framework may involve individuals within a common network in an organization. For instance, intranet connection may be used in an organization to facilitate the transactions between individuals in the entity. Individuals may also use peer-peer network connection to conduct business transactions. E-business framework may also exist in the form of extranet network system. Extranet networks enable individuals in the intranet system to conduct transactions with others in the ext ernal network. The ultimate framework used in E-business transactions is the internet. This form of network connects various individuals and organizations in various networks from peer-peer network, intranet, and extranet (OMB, 2008). Information technology is the key building block of E-business. IT integrates the technical requirements of technology with the goals and information needs of E-business. The technology facilitates interaction between the restructuring and design requirements with data architecture, organizational structure, and information architecture. The concept of utility computing is another technology that is important in the development of E-business. The technology is important to facilitate sharing of resources in a computer network. Utility computing has various tools that are important for the operations of E-business transactions (Adjei Noble, 2012). Such tools include virtualization tools and policy-based resource management devices. The virtual tools fa cilitate storage and retrieval of data. The tools also facilitate uninterrupted flow of information within the computer network. On the other hand, policy-based resource management devices enable the customers to post queries on different products and services that are offered by an organization. Such tools are also used to ensure that product catalogues and product carts are used in the online business. Service provider applications are also important kinds of technology used in E-business. The applications facilitate the interaction between the customers and the organization (Bapna Gupta, 2005). Major Issues in E-Business and Virtual Organizations E-business and virtual organizations are affected by myriad range of issues. Security factors top the list of issues that affect E-business. Security issues that are associated with theft of customer’s information and use of unreliable payment systems greatly affect the efficiency of E-business. Customers and organizations have l ost a lot of funds and confidential information due to theft and fraud (Bahmanziari, Odom Ugrin, 2009). Apart from security issues, legal factors also affect the efficiency and effectiveness of E-business and virtual organizations. Legal requirements have been set governments and trade entities to regulate online transactions. Despite the fact that such regulations implemented to improve efficiency in the E-business sector, they have serious financial implications that are very expensive for a small business in the online world. The regulations tend to reduce the rate of growth in the sector (Adjei Noble, 2012).  Issues of trust also dominate the list of factors that affect E-business. Most customers rely on E-business to achieve convenience. However, the level of trust is very low. Customers tend to believe that online organizations are fraudsters or scams that are formed to steal from innocent people. The level of trust in E-business has reduced due to rampant cases of compute r crime and internet theft (Anthony Grabski, 2006).  System implementation and integration are the technical issues that affect the performance of virtual organizations and efficiency of E-business. Issues such as system architecture, information flow, and other technical requirements affect the effectiveness of E-commerce. In some cases, a virtual organization may use incompatible software and computer programs, which may result in the opportunity for the customer to access the goods and services offered by the organization (Bahmanziari, Odom Ugrin, 2009). Evaluations Performance matrices should be used to evaluate the effectiveness of E-business. The business should be evaluated against important elements of cost, security, convenience, efficiency, trust, the range of goods and services, and technical requirements. With regards to convenience, E-business should be evaluated in terms of promptness and ability to supply various goods and services to meet the needs of the custome rs. E-business should also be evaluated against the security to ensure that businesses are operated in secure environments (OMB, 2008).  Evaluation of E-business in terms of efficiency should focus on the performance of various elements such as network connectivity, the speed of browsers used by the website, and organization of business processes. For example, the payment and the ordering systems should be efficient to enable the customers to access the products and pay for them in time. The product catalogues should provide for accurate description of the products. Moreover, the shopping carts should enable the customers to access the various options offered by an organization (Adjei Noble, 2012). Cost is another vital aspect that should be considered during the evaluation process. The main goal of E-business is ensure cost reduction. Cost elements in E-business such as cost of website maintenance, cost of product promotion, wages paid to the employees, and taxes should be contr olled to ensure effective performance of the system. Cost evaluation should be based on the ability of the E-business organization to control these elements. For example, the organization can operate in using cost-efficient website applications (Bahmanziari, Odom Ugrin, 2009).  Performance evaluation on the basis of security should be based on the ability of the organization to the network system used by a company. The ability of the network to prevent entry of intruders is very cardinal to ensure the performance of the website. The effectiveness of security control measures such as data encryption, security certificates, and firewalls forms the basis of the assessment (Collier Bienstock, 2006). Solution To achieve the aforementioned performance matrices, effective strategies should be established to improve the performance of E-business (Bahmanziari, Odom Ugrin, 2009). The stakeholders in the sector should consider the following recommendations. Adoption of reliable payment s ystems Conducting businesses in a secure environment by protecting computer networks Adoption of compatible software and computer programs for system integration Adherence to the legal regulations in the business environment Establishment of cost control measures Conclusions Information technology has played an immense role in transforming the business environment. Information technology has enabled many countries around the world to establish the online economic system where online trade activities contribute to the economic development of states. This study has brought into perspective the benefits of E-businesses. E-business enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of business activities. The method also reduces the cost of doing business. Moreover, it enables customers to access different varieties of goods. E-business is conducted in various environments such as pure virtual space, click and mortar, and brick and mortar environments. The classification of E-business is based on the category of participants. For instance, the transactions involve consumers and businesses that interact in different levels.  E-business development and financial management is also another aspect that has been highlighted in the study. Financial infrastructure should be in tandem with the technical requirements of E-business development. The funds used in the development should enable the business to attain service requirements, system architecture, and information systems. To understand these requirements, it is also important to highlight the technology involved in E-business. Computer networks and utility computing systems are very important in the performance of E-businesss. However, E-business is affected by various issues such as legal requirements, security issues, trust issues, performance, and cost factors. Therefore, to ensure efficiency and effectiveness of E-business, there is need to adopt effective strategies that can be used to manage the problems affecting the business. Such recommendations include the adoption of effective and secure computer networks, establishment of cost control strategies, and regular assessment of website performance. These recommendations will have an important role in transforming E-business and enhancing the development of electronic economy. References Adams, F. (2003). The E-business revolution the new economy: E-economics after the dot-com crash. New York: South-Western Educational Publishing. Adjei, M. Noble, S. (2012). Enhancing relationships with customers through online brand communities. MIT Sloan Management Review, 34(2), 22-24. Anthony, J. Grabski, S. (2006). Market reaction to e-commerce impairments evidenced by website outages authors’ response. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 7(2), 87-90. Bahmanziari, T., Odom, M. Ugrin, J. (2009). An experimental evaluation of the effects of internal and external e-Assurance on initial trust formation in B2C e- commerce. Intern ational Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 10(3),152- 170. Bapna, R. Gupta, A. (2005). Pricing and allocation for quality-differentiated online services. Management Science, 46(7), 1141-1150. Barua, A., Konana, A. (2001). Driving e-business excellence. MIT Sloan Management Review, 45(3), 36-44. Collier, J. E. Bienstock, C. (2006). How do customers judge quality in an e-tailor? MIT Sloan Management Review, 38(4), 35-40. OMB, A. (2008). U.S.2009 budget goes paperless. Information Management Journal, 42(3), 11-14 This essay on Technologies, E-business and Virtual Organizations was written and submitted by user Camdyn U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.