Immigration Effects in Midwestern Communities :: Illegal Immigration, Illegal Immigrants

Immigration Effects in midwestern CommunitiesWorks Cited Not Included The immigrants that are moving into the small Midwestern towns in America not only negatively affect the predominantly gaberdine resident societies, but also have negative impact on the non-white immigrants. The adjustment that both cultures must make in order to live in the same communities is difficult. Prejudice makes life for immigrants in these small predominantly white American cities difficult. Some of the issues that are being addressed are the social boundaries that the U.S. residents make for none-residents. This may stem from the lack of knowledge and understanding about new(prenominal) cultures. Most immigrants who migrate to these small towns are poor. They have to take low paying jobs because they are not skilled for better jobs and they also have row issues. The jobs do not provide enough income to sustain the households that are sometimes large and the immigrants are forced to apply for g overnment assistance and other well-being forms such as WIC (women, infants and children). In Iowa one in four families received assistance and the amateurish medical costs doubled in the past ten years. (Cooper 1997) Is this why medical insurance is so unaffordable for the average person who is unable to receive insurance through their job? Is this why hospital expenses are outrageous, because of their unpaid bills? It is difficult for workers to pay for insurance when they are unable to afford the basic necessities. Wages in the plants are low so that owners may make high profits.In Wausau Wisconsin over 60 percent of the Hmong refugees were living on government assistance. The thought from the citizens that the Hmong will stay in a low economic status, could be a burden on the city. (Koltyk 1998) The residents who pay taxes may feel bitter about supporting these ?foreigners?. According to the Federation for American Immigration Reform ? average? (FAIR issue brief 10/02) ove r one million immigrants are coming into America every year and they are mostly poor. The cost of in-migration by the end of 2002 was around sixty-six billion dollars in a country that can hardly support its native poor. (FAIR 2002) What impact does this have on the state welfare and the people that have to pay for these expenses, the taxpayers?Most immigrants, who work in the low paying plants, are living in substandard lodging because their wages are so low they can not afford anything better.

Peer Pressures of High School :: Peer Pressure Essays

Glaring down at the reddish glow coming from the crumble of the cigarette, I found out that I was in a peer rack level situation. Peer Pressure can be a huge riddle for some young adults. It can some beats be positive, but most of the time its negative and destructive. Smoking is just one of the peer pressures soul can go through. Alcohol and staying out late can also be huge peer pressures in high school. I know this because I have experienced them for myself. insobriety, smoking and staying out late were constant peer pressures throughout my high school career. Looking down at the cigarette and organism encouraged by my friend to take a hit off of it, I knew that smoking was not something I wanted to do at that time in my life. Although smoking wasnt a huge peer pressure for me, it can be for others. Some of my friends did give into the pressure and are now addicted to cigarettes, and wish they hadnt give in to that peer pressure in high school. I would have say that during high school, smoking was the most durable peer pressure. It was at every party and gathering. Although it was there all the time sometimes alcohol would rear its ugly head at some of the parties. Drinking was probably the most dicey peer pressure. It was extremely illegal for an underage adult to be caught drinking during this time. I never experienced this peer pressure during high school because I didnt hang around those types of people during that time. They were the types of people who didnt think it was a party unless there was alcohol involved. I have seen drinking totally deteriorate people, because it got the best of them. Some of my friends totally changed after they started drinking. At first it was just a social thing to do at parties, but then lead on to drinking during their spare time. It affected their grades and their overall behavior. I do think this was the most dangerous peer pressure in high school, but there was always the pressure to stay out late. Staying ou t late was a peer pressure I gave into on several occasions during high school. I know it affected my grades many times, and also made me late for school more than once. In high school you could always spot the students who stayed out late.

Hucks Conflicted Nature in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry

hucks Conflicted Nature in Mark dyads The Adventures Of Huck FinnContinuing what he had started in the first eleven chapters, Twain still develops Huck Finns character through a series of events where Hucks decisions indicate his moral struggle. Adventures shows the dynamic movement of Hucks internal difficulty, illustrating his conflicted nature. As juxtaposition to the fantasy of gobbler Sawyers gang, Huck encounters real robbers and murderers on the wrecked Walter Scott steamboat. After hearing their plans, Huck tells Jim, If we find their boat we can put all of em in a shitty desexualize -- for the Sheriff ll get em (262) despite his developing nihilism , Huck decides to trap the men by stealing their boat. Here Huck has drastically affected the dowry of the men, whether it be dying or being arrested, and eventually he realizes his responsibility I begun to worry about the men...I begun to think how dreadful it was, even for murderers, to be in such(prenominal) a fix (263). To remedy the situation in response to his sudden guilt, Huck employs (deceives) the captain of the ferryboat to rescue the men. Huck applauds his altruism, saying I was touching ruther comfortable on accounts of taking all this trouble for that gang, for not umpteen would become done it (265) but fails to realize his irony not many people would have boarded the wreck in the first place, much less trapped the men. Regardless, Huck has shown he can act freely, but not free from his conscience, which get out adjudicate important later in the novel, specifically at the climax. Prior to chapter twenty-five, the king and the duke had committed mild schemes, towards which Huck had been indifferent once they plan to deceiver the Wilks girls inheritance, however, Huc... ...ndons his lather to escape society and its imposition (by becoming Tom Sawyers sidekick again). His conflicted nature serves as the novels tragic locution although he had resolved to decide his morality independ ent from society, Hucks freedom will be limited once Aunt Sally adopts him, a leave behind of his choice to comply with Tom instead of freeing Jim and leaving on the river, where they have both lived freely throughout the novel.Works Cited and ConsultedClemens, Samuel. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. capital of Minnesota Lauter, et al. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Lexington Heath, 1994. 236-419. Kaplan, Justin. Born to Trouble One Hundred Years of Huckleberry Finn. Mark Twain Adventures of Huckleberry Finn A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Eds. Gerald Graff and pack Phelan. capital of Massachusetts St. Martins, 1995. 348-359. Hucks Conflicted Nature in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Hucks Conflicted Nature in Mark Twains The Adventures Of Huck FinnContinuing what he had started in the first eleven chapters, Twain further develops Huck Finns character through a series of events where Hucks decisions ind icate his moral struggle. Adventures shows the dynamic movement of Hucks internal difficulty, illustrating his conflicted nature. As juxtaposition to the fantasy of Tom Sawyers gang, Huck encounters real robbers and murderers on the wrecked Walter Scott steamboat. After hearing their plans, Huck tells Jim, If we find their boat we can put all of em in a bad fix -- for the Sheriff ll get em (262) despite his developing nihilism , Huck decides to trap the men by stealing their boat. Here Huck has drastically affected the fate of the men, whether it be dying or being arrested, and eventually he realizes his responsibility I begun to worry about the men...I begun to think how dreadful it was, even for murderers, to be in such a fix (263). To remedy the situation in response to his sudden guilt, Huck employs (deceives) the captain of the ferryboat to rescue the men. Huck applauds his altruism, saying I was feeling ruther comfortable on accounts of taking all this trouble for that gang, f or not many would have done it (265) but fails to realize his irony not many people would have boarded the wreck in the first place, much less trapped the men. Regardless, Huck has shown he can act freely, but not free from his conscience, which will prove important later in the novel, specifically at the climax. Prior to chapter twenty-five, the king and the duke had committed mild schemes, towards which Huck had been indifferent once they plan to swindle the Wilks girls inheritance, however, Huc... ...ndons his effort to escape society and its imposition (by becoming Tom Sawyers sidekick again). His conflicted nature serves as the novels tragic aspect although he had resolved to decide his morality independent from society, Hucks freedom will be limited once Aunt Sally adopts him, a result of his choice to comply with Tom instead of freeing Jim and leaving on the river, where they have both lived freely throughout the novel.Works Cited and ConsultedClemens, Samuel. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter, et al. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Lexington Heath, 1994. 236-419. Kaplan, Justin. Born to Trouble One Hundred Years of Huckleberry Finn. Mark Twain Adventures of Huckleberry Finn A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Eds. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston St. Martins, 1995. 348-359.

Application for Finance Position Essay -- Entry Level Finance Cover Le

Tell us about your F&C experiencesAt Citigroup, I had to develop a new model to forecast revenues from confederacys, using return on investment ratio as proxy for profitability of the partnership and at Nestl, when setting price and communication strategies, I had to be fully aware and have an understanding about management accounting and the implications of the strategies for the income line.I intuitive feeling very comfortable with numbers and I enjoy the challenges associated with financial analysis, which are two of the reasons I am specializing in Corporate Finance. I am convince that I have achieved the level of financial knowledge required for this position and, as my transcripts will show, my grades - not only, but especially in finance-related courses - are on the top of the class. During my masters degree, I have- Conducted several financial analysis using value creation models, NPV and profitability ratios such as ROI, ROE, ROCE and income statement ratios, which also included risk profiling through beta measurements, operational risk and financial risk- Build financial business models, including accounting statements (Balance Sheet, statement of Cash Flows and Income Statement) and forecasts- Valuated companies using DCF, transaction multiples and peer groups methods. Additionally, I have an excellent command of the Microsoft Excel program, including notions of VBA, which you might find valuable for this position.Please indicate your lucre expectations (Total package yearly)My research shows me that an adequate salary for this position in Switzerland would be somewhere between CHF70,000 and CHF90,000. However, there are many things to consider my salary would seem on the responsibilities and d... ...mance, and broadened my understanding of the food-industry sector.CommitmentI have a true desire to improve myself and to transform my ambition, determination and commitment into high performance standards and virtuousness to every assignment. I have worked for Nestl before and I am convinced that it is the perfect employer for me.What is your role will you have to get in 5 age?Most importantly, I want to contribute as much as I can to Nestls operations around the world. I want to adopt the necessary skills to assume more management responsibilities and new challenges, and to increase the impact I can deliver to Nestls customers and projects. I am not expression for a specific future position, but I believe that this position will develop me personally, professionally and technically, allowing me to engage in strategy development and implementation.

Can Siebel Stop Its Slide Essay -- Recession, Case Study, solution

In the fall of 2001, business software pioneer doubting Thomas M. Siebel was giddy as he looked ahead. Sure, the recession was hurting. But he claimed his company, Siebel Systems Inc. -- the leader in software for managing sales forces and customer-service departments -- would be more resilient than its competitors. Everybody is going to be naked, Siebel said with relish. Were going to find out who are the dilettantes. Were going to find out who are the scumbags, and who are the sleazeballs. Everybody is going to be exposed for who they are. Its going to be a remarkable time. Two months later, he confidently predicted that the high-tech downturn was about to end. He could be certain, he said, because of the forecasting capabilities in his own software. Well, two Tom Siebel and his software get failing grades for prognostication. The tech industry is still mired in slow growth, and Siebel Systems, softwares highest flier in the go-go 90s, has tumbled farther than its dilettante rival s. Revenues last class tumbled 22%, to $1.6 billion, compared with a drop of only 2% for the overall corporate-applications-software industry. In the first quarter, Siebels revenues dropped 30%, to $333 million. Siebels stock price, at $8.50, is off a staggering 94% from its peak in 2000 of $119. It wasnt just the economy that hobbled Siebel Systems. A 2001 product upgrade was so difficult to install that customers were reluctant to buy it. The companys reputation suffered from bad promotional material about its customer- gladness record. And it lost ground to corporate-applications leader SAP. In 2002, Siebel Systems share of the customer-management market it helped pioneer slipped from 29% to 23%, according to Gartner Dataquest. No. 2 SAP gained ... ...ness-software cleric Siebel Systems has seen revenues slide 44% over the past two years. Heres a look at why, and at its prospects going forward. COMPLEXITY INCOMPATIBILITY PROBLEM Customers complain Its applications dont writt en report Siebels software is easily with rival software complex and hard to that handles financials and install. Major projects human resources. can take a year to com- plete. FIX A group of 60 consultants New integration technologies helps customers plan improve things, but rivals that projects, but something make full suites of products must still be done to have an advantage. change the products. TARNISHED REPUTATION PROBLEM It has been accused of overstating customer satisfaction and was slammed by the SEC for a financial disclosure violation. FIX It hasnt adequately addressed customer satisfaction issues and is stingy with financial information.

Can Siebel Stop Its Slide Essay -- Recession, Case Study, solution

In the fall of 2001, business parcel pioneer Thomas M. Siebel was giddy as he looked ahead. Sure, the recession was hurting. But he claimed his company, Siebel Systems Inc. -- the attraction in software for managing sales forces and customer-service departments -- would be more resilient than its competitors. Everybody is going to be naked, Siebel said with relish. Were going to find egress who are the dilettantes. Were going to find out who are the scumbags, and who are the sleazeballs. Everybody is going to be exposed for who they are. Its going to be a remarkable time. Two months later, he confidently predicted that the high-tech downturn was about to end. He could be certain, he said, because of the forecasting capabilities in his own software. Well, both Tom Siebel and his software get failing grades for prognostication. The tech industry is still mired in slow growth, and Siebel Systems, softwares highest flier in the go-go 90s, has tumbled farther than its dilettante riv als. Revenues last year tumbled 22%, to $1.6 billion, compared with a drop of only(prenominal) 2% for the overall corporate-applications-software industry. In the first quarter, Siebels revenues dropped 30%, to $333 million. Siebels stock price, at $8.50, is off a staggering 94% from its peak in 2000 of $119. It wasnt just the frugality that hobbled Siebel Systems. A 2001 product upgrade was so difficult to install that customers were reluctant to buy it. The companys reputation suffered from bad publicity about its customer-satisfaction record. And it lost ground to corporate-applications leader SAP. In 2002, Siebel Systems share of the customer-management market it helped pioneer slipped from 29% to 23%, according to Gartner Dataquest. No. 2 SAP gained ... ...ness-software maker Siebel Systems has seen revenues slide 44% over the by two years. Heres a look at why, and at its prospects going forward. COMPLEXITY INCOMPATIBILITY PROBLEM Customers complain Its applications dont wo rk Siebels software is easily with rival software complex and hard to that handles financials and install. Major projects human resources. can take a year to com- plete. FIX A team of 60 consultants New integration technologies helps customers device improve things, but rivals that projects, but something make full suites of products must still be done to have an advantage. simplify the products. TARNISHED REPUTATION PROBLEM It has been accused of overstating customer satisfaction and was slammed by the SEC for a financial disclosure violation. FIX It hasnt adequately addressed customer satisfaction issues and is stingy with financial information.

Problem Solution Paper Essay

After assessing my LASSI test scores, Ive learned that I need some returns in my study habits. To name a few, some of my strengths are concentration, motivation, and selecting main ideas, however, my weak areas such as information processing, study aids, and time management each(prenominal) were right on target. Ive always had riddles with studying something that I did not understand, therefore it would frustrate me and I would not spend much time on it. I am currently struggling with this problem in my English 111 class because it is hard to process what I am reading in the textbook. In addition to that I am a full time general manager at a restaurant and it is very demanding, working long hours and wherefore trying to come home and study, I am forced to cram my school work in on my off days because I am very tired. I really feel that if I do not come up with better time management skills and stop cramming my work that my short-term problem academically will be that I turn in be low average assignments or not even meet deadlines. My long-term problem will be that I fail my class and lose my financial aid, so I will definitely put more effort into a solution.My problem is time-management and the three solutions that I have researched and think would be a good fit for me are 1. Blocks of study times and breaks. www.studygs.net/timman.htm-time management The advantage of this solution is that I would have time set aside to study with the option to take a break so I want get to tired. The disadvantage of this is I might take a break and never come back to it because of other distractions such as tv, cellphone, fatigue, etc. Secondly, review deviser weekly. www.studygs.net/timman.htm-time management I would be able to review planner and know when test and deadlines are do for papers. The disadvantage would be, if Im not consistent with logging things in the planner I could forget about something. Lastly, the third solution would be to stay healthy, schedule res t.The advantage of this would be that I would be well rested and rejuvenated to fishing gear my scheduled task, and disadvantage would be that I get home at 5pm sometimes and if I take a nap I will not be able to recover from that. I feel that the best solution would be to set aside time to study and take breaks if needed and I will use this strategy with my English 111 class.

Competitive of college Submissions Essay

As a teenager in high up school, the intended goal for every student is to go to college, everyone including p arnts, students, and other family members encourage this goal. To get into high school, there were qualifications for chosen certain high school depending on district, but not as warlike as the admissions to college. jibe to Sally P. Springer, colleges admissions are so competitive due to the fact of how many students apply to college each year. With that said, since there is an increase in student graduating from high school, colleges increase in price of admission, higher GPA/test scores, and the amount of education given.The price of colleges has increased every year. Students are encouraged every day how important it is to go to college because its an institution of higher learning that willing open doors for different careers. Unfortunately, majority of the students cannot afford the price of education when it continues to increase by the year and even with scholar ships its too much money. Some students parents get paid too much money and the students do not percolate financial aid, so they are left to pay out of pocket. The cost of a two year college vs. a four year is a lot less dear(predicate) and many students choose that route because the cost and because the admission is not that competitive. Furthermore, the admission requirements for students who want to go to out of state is even more competitive because of the area.According to the Sally P. Springer in the article Competitive Colleges, in the late 1980s and early 1990s the number of students graduating from high school has increased, and because of this most colleges cope in admission by choosing students of diverse and higher GPA standards and test scores. However this makes it harder for students have the GPA but have poor testing skills or vice versa which is a very important key for students admissions process. For instance, Harvard is a very prestigious University and the ad missions has decreased in the year of 2012 7.1 percent admission. To stipulate for Harvard you have to have the GPA of a 3.8-4.3 or have a test score of 1500. Then students are forced to go to colleges not of their alternative because of hard criteria of admissions. Majority of two year collegesrequire a 2.5 GPA compared to some four year the minimum requirement is a 3.0+ GPA.Moreover, some may argue that the reason why college admissions are so competitive is because colleges deform and are eager for students with higher learning. Every University and College offer different sports, majors, and organization and schools contest to be the best by having the best students. Also if a student wants to go to school in a nice area or a better setting the admissions are going to be higher. University in particular give students a better chance of reaching their career. Colleges such as University of cabbage have better programs for nursing compared to Chicago State therefore students must meet the criteria to attend the programs and thats at any school. If Colleges was not as competitive then it will be easy for anybody and student will not work hard.Unfortunately, the best students can come from a Junior college and still receive a good paying job and the career of their choice. Wherever a student goes he/she will do what they have to do to succeed.All colleges strive for the best for students but due to the competitive admission requirements students are not allowed to peruse what they want. College is college but just because a student doesnt meet a particular area for admission is it right to say that student would not succeed within that University or College? If colleges could be less competitive then everyone will have an equal amount or chance to get the same education as of that student went to Harvard.Works CitedSpringer, Sally P, Reider, John, and Franck, Marion . Why are Colleges Admission Competitive? Son Inc. Wiley. Copyright 2009.Harvard Universi ty. Admissions and Financial Aid. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. Copyright 2013.https//college.harvard.edu/admissions/application-requirements University of Chicago. Admissions and Financial Aid. 2013 http//www.uchicago.edu/admissions/

African American Women in Hollywood Essay

In early word-painting many African American actresses portrayed shares as mammies, slaves, seductresses, and maids. These roles suppressed them not totallyowing them to show their true talents. Although they had to take on these degrading roles, they still performed with dignity, elegance, gr sentiency and style. They paved the way for many actresses to exist both shadowys and whites. These women showed the select industry that they were more than slaves, mammies, and maids. These beautiful actresses showed the film industry that they are able to hold lead parts and even carry the self-coloured cast if need be.Phenomenal actresses such as Hattie McDaniels, Pearl Bailey, Ethel amniotic fluid, Nina Mae McKinney, and Dorothy Dandridge, to name a few, are Afro-American stars who paved the way for so many African-American actresses today de pique the hardships that they were faced with. These women dis compete beauty, intellect and talent, which allowed the stars that followed that they do not deliver to just settle for sterile roles. In early film there was a great deal propaganda and even today, which lead to these demeaning roles that they had to betray, Professor Carol.Penney of Yale- reinvigorated Haven writes, Film is one of the most influential means of communication and a powerful medium of propaganda. range and representation is central to the study of the black film actor, since the major studios reflected and reinforced the racism of their times. The depiction of blacks in Hollywood movies reinforced many of the prejudices of the white absolute majority rather than objective reality, limiting black actors to stereotypical roles (1). Hattie McDaniels, a trailblazer amongst African-American film, acquired many initials for African-American actors.McDaniels was the first African-American to sing on the radio, first to receive an Oscar for best supporting actress in Gone with the Wind. She was withal the first African-American to star in a s itcom in 1951 that featured an African-American actress in the title role (Pax 1). McDaniels appeared in more than three hundred films during the twenties and thirties. Her career was built on the ? Mammy image, a role she vie with dignity (Smith 7). She received much flack from the blacks because of the roles she played in film and on radio.Blacks felt that she was degrading the race but her reply was to these views were, Hell Id rather play a maid than be one ( encyclopaedia of World Biography 406). After her acclaim role as Mammy in Gone With the Wind, McDaniels was never paid anything less than $31,000 for a performance. This was much for an African-American as well as a white entertainer. Even though she stone-broke that barrier McDaniel was still oppressed by racism not only on film, but also off film. She was faced with racial legal problems when assay to acquire a home in Los Angeles.At that time there was a limited black land and home ownership right. Though she win the suite she still was subjected to racial hostility from her neighbors. McDaniels experience oppressions of many types during her career, but she continued to take the mammy roles but played them with dignity and respect. In spite of her being the mammy, McDaniels do sure that her characters had the upper hand. After McDaniels death the mammy roles died with her. Pearl Bailey, the Ambassador of Love career took off on majuscules U street at the age of fifteen years of age.She started off as a singer and appeared in many nightclubs. In the mid-30s she performed with the Noble Sissles Band in the Village Vanguard and Blue Angel Club. In the 40s she was the lead singer for Count Basie, ride Calloway and Cootie Williams. She debuted on Broadway in St. Louis Blue she won honors for as Broadways best newcomer. After her debut on Broadway films she performed in Variety Girl, Isnt It Romantic, Carmen Jones, and southern scup and Bess. In 1967 she won a Tony Award for heading the all-blac k cast of Hello Dolly A role that allowed her, she said, ?to sing, dance, say intelligent words on stage, be intimate and be loved and deliver what God gave me? and Im dressed up besides(Black History Virginia Profiles 1). Hello Dolly allowed Bailey to be beautiful. Former President Ronald Reagan awarded Bailey was with the ornament of Freedom in 1988. She was also a special delegate to the United Nations under Ford, Reagan and Bush. While in her sixties Bailey went back to college and received her degree in theology from Georgetown University (2). Ethel Waters, Sweet Mama Stringbean, started her career in Vaudeville and nightclubs.In the 1921 Waters performed her first debut album The New York Glide and At the New Jump Steady Bump. In the mid-twenties she was coined as a pop singer (Red Hot Jazz 1). On stage she was in fortunate productions of Africana, Blackbird of the 1930, Rhapsody in Black, and Cabin in the Sky (Penney 8). She also starred in Pinky in 1949 this was a message film on racism. Waters did not receive recognition for her work until she portrayed Berenice Sadie Brown in The Member of The Wedding. The Member of the Wedding was more than simply a movie. It was very of the essence(predicate) repects a motion-picture event.Foremost, it marked the first time a black actress was used to carry a major-studio white production. Secondly, the movie was another comeback for Ethel Waters. Her autobiography, His Eye Is On The Sparrow? she told all the lurid details of her spirit the turbulent events in the autobiography convinced patrons that Ethel Waters, who always portrayed long-suffering women, was indeed the characters she played? at one time patrons rooted for her to succeed? to triumph(8). During Waterss career she was nominated for an Oscar best supporting actress in the film Pinky. She also received the New York play Critics Award for best actress.Ethel Waterss last performance was in the film The Sound and the Fury in 1959. She continued sin ging and touring with evangelist he-goat Graham until her death in 1977 (Red Hot Jazz 1). Nina May McKinney was the screens first black goddess (Penney 3). She was the first black actor in the film to be recognized as a potential mainstream star (7). McKinney was also the most successful African-American actress in the 1920s and 1930s (South Carolina African American History Online 1). McKinneys career started as a New York City nightclub dancer and later received a role in Lew Leslies Blackbird Revue.In 1929, King Vidor, of MGM Studios, casted McKinney as doll, a promiscuous young woman in Hallelujah. In the famous cabaret scene McKinney, as Chick, danced a sensuous dance which has been copied by tether lady Lena Horne in Cabin in the Sky to Lola Falana in The Liberation of L. B. Jones (Penney 7). In Hallelujah, Chick represented the black woman as an exotic sex object, half woman, half child. She was the black woman out of control of her emotions, split in two by her dedicatio n and her own vulnerabilities. Implied throughout the battle with self was the tragic mulatto theme?In this stereotypical concept the white half of her represented the spiritual the black half-animalistic (7). Hallelujah was considered the ace of all-black pictures? The film had a strong plot, but unfortunately the message was? blacks should stay in their place. Though McKinney received much praise for her role as Chick she did not generate leading roles in the American film industry. She was relegated to assuming routine black characters or to partaking in independently produced, low budget all black movies, as was the pattern for most of the outstanding African-American actors and actresses of the era?McKinney acted in a few other films in the 1940s. Her most notable role was in Pinky. McKinney was also a stage actress and performed at the famous Apollo Theatre in Harlem. Barred from opportunities and stardom in Hollywood, she soon departed the United States and took her great tal ents to atomic number 63? in Greece she was known as the Black Garbo? she also starred with the great actor Paul Robeson in the film Sanders of the River (South Carolina 2). Later in McKinneys life the great star returned to the States and died in New York City in 1967. Dorothy Dandridge is amongst Hollywoods beauties in the 1940s and 1950s.Though she receives much recognition today as the most beautiful and talented actresses of her time, but at that time she was seen as just another Black actress. Followed in the footsteps of the great Nina Ma McKinney, though they have the beauty and the charisma as other female actresses of their time their color was still seen first. Like many actors and actresses of her time Dandridge career went through many highs and lows because of her race. Dandridges career began as a singer with her sister Vivian, they were known as the Wonder Children and later the group became a trio by the name the Dandridge Sisters.She played in many movies in the 1 940s such as Yes Indeed, Sing for My Supper, Jungle Jig, Easy Street, Cow Cow Boogie, and Paper Dolls to name a few. She was not recognized until her performance as Carmen in Carmen Jones. Her co-stars were Harry Belafonte, Pearl Bailey and Diahann Caroll. She was the first Black to be nominated for an Oscar for best actress (African-American Almanac 248). Dandridges role as Carmen lead to more opportunities for African-Americans in films. Dandridge was the first African-American woman to be held in the arms of a white man in the film, Island in the Sun.She was also the first African-American to have an interracial kiss in The Decks Ran Red (Pioneer Actress 2). Though the film Carmen Jones allowed Dandridge to have a lead role she the character was the stereotypical mulatto woman with a high sex drive and filled with deceit. Penney writes, The irony that everywhereshadowed Dandridges career was that although the image she marketed appeared to be contemporary and daring, at heart it was ground on an old classic type, the tragic mulatto. In her important films Dorothy Dandridge portrayed doomed, unfilled women.Nervous and vulnerable, they always battled with the duality of their personalities. As such, they answered the demands of their times. Dorothy Dandridges characters brought to a dismay nuclear age a razor-sharp sense of desperation that cut through the bleak monotony of the day. Eventually- and here lay the final irony- she may have been forced to live out a screen image that destroyed her (10). Dorothy Dandridge broke many barriers during her career. She opened the doors for black romance in films. She crossed over the racial lines with interracial relationships on and off screen.Later in Dandridges career she found it hard to get work. She filed for bankruptcy and later committed suicide. Dandridge made it possible for African-American women to be seen as beautiful and not exotic and sexual. In conclusion, many African-Americans actresses were blackb alled by the industry. They were not able to achieve the success that they were entitle to because of the era that they were living in. These stars were oppressed because of the color of their skin and not because they did not possess talent.They were limited to roles that did not allow them to be the damsels or have leading roles. And if they were cast as the lead the film stereotyped the Blacks as shiftless, deceitful, or ignorant. These are just a few of the great African-American women in film that made it easier for African-American women to get into the industry. Though today African-American people are still seen shiftless, drug addicts, gang bangers, killers, whores, and criminals, but now they have more access to the industry because now African- Americans are able to write and direct films that depict them in a better light.Film today has changed for the past from mammies. instantly African-American women are teachers, doctors, lawyers, business tycoons and what have you. Yet, they are still oppressed because they are only able to produce what the movie studios say that they can produce. now there are films like Soul Food, Love and Basketball, Rosewood, Bamboozled, and many more that have messages and have African-American women in lead roles and not being in the background. These great stars allowed Black girls to see their own kind on a big screen and feel that they are beautiful too.Work Cited The African-American Almanac, 1997. Detroit Gale Research, 1997. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Vol. 10&16. Detroit Gale Research, 1987. Ethel Waters. Online. 10 walk 2005. Available www. http//www. redhot jazz. com/waters. html. Honoring Black History Month. Pax Stars. Online. 10 March 2005. Available www. http//www. pax. tv/bios/one-bio. cfm/hattie-mcdaniel. Nina Mae McKinney. South Carolina African American History Online. Online. 11 March 2005. Available www. http//www.scafam-hist. org/aahc/. Pearl Bailey. Black History Virginia Profiles. Online. 13 March 2005. Availablewww. http//www. gatewayva. com/pages/bhistory/1996/bailey. shtml. Penney, Carol. Black Actors inamerican Cinema. Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. Online. 12 March 2000. Available www. http//www. yale. edu/ynhti/cirriculm/units. Pioneer black actress Dorothy Dandridge has a famous cast of modern-day admirers. Online. 12 March 2005. Available www. http//ohio. com/bj/fun/tv/0299/002827htm.

Concealed Carry on College Campuses

The debate concerning the laws of hide carry on college campuses has been going strong since the Virginia Tech catastrophe on April 16, 2007. Concealed carry should be allowed on college campuses. On one side, people oppose the right of concealed carry on campus stating reasons such as this one presented by Concealed Campus, Its unlikely that allowing concealed carry on college campuses could help prevent a Virginia Tech-style massacre because most college students are withal young to obtain a concealed handgun license, (Common). That statement is incorrect and quite misleading. Nineteen of the thirty-two victims of the Virginia Tech tr developdy were of or over the age of twenty-one which is the minimum age to receive a concealed weapons permit in most states (Common). Another common argument against concealed carry on campuses is, Life on college campuses often involves some drug use and alcohol consumption that could impair the judgment of a law-abiding gun owner, posted by The Warrior (Umpir). However, each state that gives concealed weapons permits has laws prohibiting license holders from carrying while under the influence of drugs or alcohol.Anyone who knows anything about guns would know this. Allowing concealed carry on college campuses should not hardly be allowed, just elevated. Between 2001 and 2003 there were 10,472 cases of aggravated assaults on campuses across the US as presented by the U. S. Department of Education (Criminal). These large numbers could in truth well be prevented in the future if concealed carry is allowed on college campuses. Part of American citizens civil rights, as guaranteed by the US Constitution in the second amendment, is to keep and bear arms.The second amendment stating As passed by the Congress A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a expel State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. This has been a long standing principle and all states stir laws for co ncealed weapons, some stricter than others, but all in some way may advocate for it. The National concourse of State Legislatures posted in August 2012, Recent court cases have also overturned some system wide forbiddances of concealed carry on state college and university campuses.In March 2012, the conscientious objector Supreme Court ruled that the University of Colorados policy banning guns from campus violates the states concealed carry law, and in 2011 the Oregon Court of Appeals overturned the Oregon University Systems ban of guns on campuses it was ruled that state law dictates only the legislature can regulate the use, sale and possession of firearms, (Guns). This supports the arguments for concealed carry on campus by demonstrate the Supreme Courts support for long standing laws. Concealed carry on campus would do well for the common good. In having a concealed weapon, others may become uneasy.However, if the lisecense holder is responsible and caring, they could act ually make others feel at ease knowing that a responsible US citizen could protect them in an emergency. To advocate for my position, I have joined the group Students for Concealed Carry at www. Concealedcampus. com. The group has given me the information to write to my state elected officials to encourage concealed weapons on college campuses, which I have done. Works Cited Common Arguments Agaisnt Campus Carry. Concealed Campus. Students for Concealed Carry, 2011. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . Criminal Offensess Aggravated Assault. Ed. gov. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . Guns on Campus. NCSL. National Conference of State Legislatures, Aug. 2012. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . Umpir, Evan. Against Concealed Carry on Campus. The Warrior. N. p. , 03 Nov. 2011. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. .

The History of Electronic Medical Records

WORK EXPERIENCECase Manager D&S Community Services Nashville, TN January 2013 to Present Responsibilities my responsibilities were to keep all files up to meet I made sure that each client had OT, PT and ST plans. I made sure that on that point physicals and dental was up to date. I did the scheduling as well as monthly reviews on each individual I do risk assessment made sure all filing was through with(p) and put files and alphabetical order I fax answer phone calls and copy thing as well as greeting the family and clients when they came in to the occasion when on ISP meeting and do QA all the notes on each client.Medical Assistant Tennessee Pediatrics Nashville, TN January 2013 to November 2013 Responsibilities scheduling appointments, checking patients in and out, updating patients charts, faxing and scanning shot records, assisting Doctors with patients, giving injections and outline blood, giving CBC, hematology, and running urine analysis, taking vital signs, and a va riety of other test that pertain to the needs of the patientPhlebotomist Technician / Receptionist tech CSL Plasma Madison, TN January 2012 to December 2012 phlebotomist there and the receptionist tech I put in data and do vital signs welcome guess when they enter the door and setting up machines DC in which means disconnect donor from the machine can sitting up machines in preparing them for their donationsDirect Care Professional Tennessee Family Solutions Nashville, TN March 2010 to February 2012 Ensured the implementation of outcomes, therapeutic plans, programs and service discipline between the day/school programs. Ensured the implementation of the Individual Support Plans, ISP and documentation and tracked any progress from the ISP plans. Maintained open communicants with legal guardians, advocates, conservator and indepent reward coordinator.Ensured consistency of individual skills effectiveness of programming, service objectives daily notes. Monitored all doctor appoi ntments and follow up appointment along with medications forindividuals served. Ensured the home for safety and environmental issues to succor to resolve the issues if any were found. Ensured that each individuals current nutritional and behavior management plan was being carried outTechnician Assistant Donaldson Place Caring Rehabilitation 2008 to 2009 Administered and monitored the care of the patients. Ensured sprightly treatment programs were being implemented to meet the need of the patient. Developed behavior support systems to help reduce challenging behaviors of the patient. Encouraged self-development of the patient while they were in the care of the agency. Assisted the activities coordinator with daily activities of the clients. Assisted nurses with passing daily medication to patients. Completed all paper construct in a timely manner.Resources for humane Development Care Provider 2008 to 2009Ensured the daily living skills of the clients were being met. Ensured that all regulations were met for active treatment and for all services provided to the client. Ensured the each client medical and nutritional management plan was being followed daily. Ensured consistency of individual skills effectiveness of programming, service objectives and daily notes. Ensured the home was maintained for the safety of the client. Completed all paper work in a timely manner. Tracked and implemented behavior supports that were needed for the client.COMPUTER AND PROFESSIONAL SKILLS CPR and First Aid Certified. Unlicensed Professional Medication government Certified Proficient with Microsoft office word, Power Point, Excel, Outlook.EDUCATIONMedical assistant in M.A Nashville College of medical careers Nashville, TN January 2009 to January 2010 High schooldays Diploma Cornerstone Christian High School Georgia January 2005 to January 2008ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONFive years experience in the Developmentally Disabled and Mentally. Challenged individuals served. Experienc ed with proving medical assistanceto clients while in rehabilitation.

Test of English as a Foreign Language

English, the third most common language spoken after Mandarin and Spanish, is spoken by around 370 to 390 million flock in around 50 different countries. Many renowned universities, require their students, in the undergraduate, graduate and post graduate programs to first prove their proficiency in the English language, as an entrance criteria.This created a need for a standard test, accepted and recognized by these universities, to be created. Test of English as a Foreign Language or TOEFL as it is commonly referred to as, is such a test. This test is developed and conducted by the Educational Testing Service. TOEFL can be administered via the internet(TOEFL iBT) or can be written as a paper based test(TOEFL PBT). Written Tests argon only administered in places where Internet Based Testing Centers for TOEFL argon unavailable.This test score along with the applicators other academical information becomes the foundation for their admission process. The test score scale governs from 0 to 120, for TOEFL iBT, and from 310 to 677 for TOEFL PBT. The minimum test score acceptable, varies from university to university, depending on factors like courses undertaken or whether the applicant is an undergrad, grad or post grad.TOEFL iBTTOEFL iBT tests the four basic skills needed for effective communication namely- Reading, Speaking, Listening and Writing. They test the takers toread, listen, and then utter in response to a questionlisten and then speak in response to a questionread, listen, and then write in response to a questionThe test is 4 hours long and it is essential that all the four sections of the test be taken on the same day itself.Test FormatSECTION FORMAT TIMEREADING 3-5 passages(700words), 12-14 question each 60-100 minutesLISTENING 23 conversations, 5 questions each46 lectures, 6 questions each 60-90 minutes10 MINUTES BREAKSPEAKING 6 tasks which include 2 independent and 4 integrated 20 minutesWRITING 2 tasks which include 1 integrated task and1 indepen dent task 50minutes(20 for integrated and 30 for independent)The time displayed above is not an actual representation, and may vary on the number of questions.Reading SectionThe version sections tests the applicants capability to, comprehend, learn and to find information from university level academic passages and texts. The questions asked in the reading section are of the following formatMultiple choice questions- asking the applicant to study a single answer from a given set of optionsMultiple choice questions asking the applicant to select an option to insert a sentence where it fits beat out in a passageQuestions with more than four choices and more than one possible correct answer.Listening SectionThis section tests the applicants ability to understand Spoken English, by testing his/her ability to understand lectures and conversations.The applicant is allowed to take notes while listening to the material provided. These notes will be collected at the end of the test and destroyed. Questions asked in the Listening section, are usually asked in the following formatsMultiple choice questions with a single correct answerMultiple choice questions with more than one correct answerQuestions that require the user to order eventsQuestions that require the applicant to match objects or text to categories in a chartSome questions replay a portion of the audio material provided, so that the applicant need not memorize the material forrader answering the question.Speaking SectionHere the applicant is tested for his ability to communicate, participate in casual conversations, respond to questions etc. This section includes six tasks that that the applicant must undertake before proceeding further. The first two task are independent speaking tasks, where the user is asked to express their opinion or subject on topics provided, or on topics that the applicant is comfortable with.The next four tasks are integrated tasks where the applicant must use more than one of their skills before responding. These skills may include reading, listening and speaking. The user is only allowed to spend 20 minutes in this section.Writing SectionThis section tests the applicants ability to present their ideas in a lighten up and well organized manner. Here students are required to undertake two tasks, one integrated and one independent. Independent tasks include writing essays, articles, expressing opinions etc. The students range of grammar, vocabulary, spelling, punctuations and layout are tested under Independent tasks. Under Integrated tasks students are required to summarize, paraphrase, and cite accurate information from the source material. The total time pass for both these tasks is 50 minutes.TOEFL scores are valid for 2 years. These scores are visible,10 days after the exam on the TOEFL registration website. Printed Scores are mailed after 13 days.More than 10,000 universities in around 130 countries accept TOEFL scores for their admission proces s. So when you plan on an education abroad, recollect TOEFL.

Cultural Tourism in Nigeria

INDIVIDUAL ESSAY Essay Title Cultural tourism fiestas and events in Nigeria Name Deborah Vincentsdaughter skirt OF CONTENTS Contents INTRODUCTION3 Cultural tourism3 LITERATURE polish4 Festivals and events4 Cultural fiestas in Nigeria5 Festivals and impacts6 Igue festival6 New yam Festival (Iri ji Ohuru/iwa ji7 Gbagyi Gbodogun8 CRITICAL ANALYSIS11 CONCLUSION11 REFERENCES12 INTRODUCTION tourism generally has to do a lot with social activities. A typical mannikin is the adventure tourism which is a type of tourism that provides an opportunity for people to challenge constitution and everything about it.This type of tourism provides opportunities for activities such as Hand gliding and Para sailing which ar grouped under hard adventure speckle hot sports and wild life atomic number 18 grouped under soft adventure. The chambers dictionary has defined tourism as the events of phaetons and those who make it available for them. Tourism as defined in a book says that it is the study of how good human bes can cope when they are away from their normal habitats, of the sedulousness that diddle his needs and lastly of the impacts that both he and the industry arouse on the hosts in such ways sociocultural, economic and physical environments. Jafari 1977) get information from an another(prenominal)(prenominal) book about tourism, differences in the definitions of tourism could be traced to the following admittancees Economic, technical and holistic. 1. Economic definitions emphasizes on the business area of tourism, but if it were to be criticized by leiper(1979) that it fails to even discuss about the tourist and his motivations or limitations in travelling. 2. Technical approach to the definition of tourism aims at mainly the g everyplacenments and the tourism industry organizations that want to monitor the size and other important issues about tourists markets. . In 1942 holistic type defined tourism as the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising f rom the travel and bridle of non-residents, in so far as they dont lead to permanent residence are not connected to any earning activity. Cultural tourism Cultural tourism is a part of tourism. This part of tourism is an activity in which a particular group of people in a defined area present their herit eld or cultural assets for tourists to see and appreaciate.The UNWTO(united nations human race tourism organization) produced two definitions based on two approaches which are * The narrow definition-derived from the professional, product-based approach to defining cultural tourism. This definition includes movement of persons for basically cultural motivations such as study tours, performing arts, cultural tours, travel to festivals and so many other cultural events, visits to sites, travel to study nature, syndicatelore and pilgrimages(Richards 199622) * The wide definition-is based on conceptual, process-based approach.Has to do with the migration of persons because they sat isfy the human need for diversity, tending to raise the cultural level of the several(prenominal) and giving rise to new knowledge, experience and encounters(Richards 199622) Cultural tourism involves four elements according to my research and they are as follows * Tourism * Use of cultural heritage assets * Consumption of experiences and products * The tourist(cultural tourists) According to ICOMOS (International council on monuments and sites) observed that cultural tourism means many things to many people and herein its strengths and weaknesses.This part of tourism is besides known as a form of special tourism where acculturation plays the role of either attr playing tourists or motivating people to travel (McIntosh and Goeldner 1992 Zeppel 1992 Ap 1992). LITERATURE REVIEW Festivals and events In this section, festivals and events in Nigeria will be discussed fully and their impacts analysed. It will be wise to discuss what festivals are all about first before expiry on to ot her things.Festivals are an important expression of human activity that contribute much to our social and cultural life and that they are also progressively linked to generating business activity and providing income for their host communities(Ellen et all 2002). In some cases festivals are not observed with the motive of attracting tourists, their nature,destination,range of performers and productions in one place over a short period of cartridge clip ,comm however in the summer months, encourages viewers(people) far and near/all over to come. They can take many forms, eg. music-rock, pop, jazz and folk types of music.There are also wine and cultural festivals. EVENTS INDUSTRY-this is an industry where festivals are grouped under. Cultural festivals in Nigeria Nigeria has so many festivals that have been in existence since the time of our ancestors, until the arrival of different religions as we have today but still yet festivals are taken as important occasion. Local festivals i n Nigeria have a lot to do with different events such as harvest festivals, betrothal festivals, crowning of a new chief and funerals. Today the western world and system has influenced our local festivals eg. ances that were performed by members of each village have now been transferred unknowingly to proffesionals. This country is rich in divers festivals which includes * Egungun festival celebrated in Ijebu ode town of ogun state in May. * Odum festival celebrated by the ijaws of okirika in Benue state. Normally done in the month of April. * Barakau normally celebrated with animal sacrifices by the Fika people of Potiskun in yobe state. Done in July. * Nduku festival is known to be celebrated by the people of Ogume in Ndokwa local government area of Delta state. It is a November festival. * Igue estival this one is celebrated by the benis of Edo state in the month December. * New yam festival is done generally by the Ibos in Nigeria in the month of August. * Gbagyi gbodogun takes place in Gadabuke village and celebrated by the agadabukeyis (natives of the village) in toto local government area in Nasarawa state. lots observed at the end of the year November/December. * Oro festival is a tradional annual Yoruba event usually observed in the month of July. Among all these festivals listed out and summarized briefly, only three of them will be discussed and their impact as well in the next section.The local festivals are 1. The Igue festival 2. New yam festival(Iri ji ohuru/iwa ji) 3. Gbagyi Gbodogun Festivals and impacts Igue festival is the one am going to be discussing about first. It is done in the ancient city of the Benin kingdom, Benin located in Edo state in the gray part of Nigeria and takes place in the month of December. It marks the anniversary of the death of the past obas in Bini Kingdom. Igue festival usually goes on for seven days, and then on the seventh day, the conclusion is now celebrated. Sacrifices and offerings are made to the gods, son gs are also sung along during the period.The sacrifices offered are primarily used to pluckse the land, so that it becomes clean enough for the gods to be appealed. The people baffling are the oba (king) of the Benin kingdom, his chiefs, subjects and the Benis of Benin, Edo state. In the past, their practices used to be sacrificing human beings for cleansing of the land to the gods until the present Oba Erediauwa came into power and stop it. Presently such things dont take place in the festival again, though sacrifices are being made, humans are no long-range sacrificed, rather with animals for example goat.Apart from these, the Benis practice so many other things while celebrating the Igue festival which includes the chiefs dressing in their finest impostal attires, joining the oba in songs and dances, by see Ugie Ewere. They do this with the Eben Emblem. Masquerades also perform the local dances to make the audience. While the festival is still on, all the Ihogbe presents sy mbolic Ewere leaves to the Oba. As the festival is celebrated yearly, the Oba celebrates Ugie Ewere (the anniversary of his marriage to Ewere some years back).The Bini people also use the festival as an opportunity for offering thanks to the gods for sparing their lives and request for more blessings. Public holidays are always given, and people are told not to move for that period of time. Impacts of igue festival The igue festival leaves its impacts in the lives of the Benin Edo people in these ways * Economically on that point are more activities in the area. For example a lot of people engage themselves in buying and selling in preparation of the event. * socially the festival creates a good publicity and image for the area. Eg. he people who come for the festival may want to re-visit the place, not just for a particular argue but to have a feeling of the environment. * Geographically as people come from other tribes to witness the event, it gives the community an opportunit y to be developed and supports environmental enhancement. New yam Festival (Iri ji Ohuru/iwa ji) to eat a new yam/to break a new yam, that is what the words written in another language called Ibo means. Most times it depends on the village, but it is normally celebrated in the market place, where the god of the community/village is kept.The Iwa ji festival (new yam festival) is celebrated in the month of August. This festival, is all about celebrating a new yam(which is one of the most important food and first crop to be harvested in the eastern region) Old yams are brought out and discarded/consumed and the breaking of the new yam follows, it is usually done by the Igwe(king) or the chief priest depending on the destination, The people involved are the members of the village, chiefs or elders of the village, chief priest and the Igwe.In order for the festival to be a successful one, so many practices are involved which includes sacrifices are made to the gods, to appease and thank them for fruitfulness, before the festival begins this is usually done by the chief priest(it is believed that their positions bestows the privilege of being intermediaries in the midst of the gods and their community),they come with the biggest coat yam for the festival, because it shows the amount of abundant fruitfulness including dishes served.Old yams are discarded or consumed in order to pave way for the new ones, Masquerades are invited to perform and entertain people, traditional gunshots announces the opening of the ceremony at times, children are being cleansed with rituals (ima cha ahu-to clean the body) because they spirit that before a person takes in anything new, it is important to cleanse the body. This belief is popular among the Easterners. Most times the yam dishes are shared between friends and well-wishers in order to enjoy and celebrate with them.Sons and daughters of the Ibo community come back firm from wherever they are in the world. Late Dim chukwuebuka Odumegwu Ojukwu described the events as the most igbo of Igbo events, because it clearly shows the culture of the Ibos. Impacts of the new yam festival This festival impacts on lives of the locals of the eastern region in Nigeria, and they are Positive impacts * Culturally it strengthens the bond of the Igbos (the relationship). it reminds people of how love and unity existed and reigned among them before the civil war in the east. Socially so many people feel happy during and after the event, because it brings their loved ones (sons and daughters) from far and near. For example Grandparents will be happy to see their children and grandchildren. * Economically it yields the locals so much money, after they are done buying and selling. A good example for this is-people who were present at the occasion taste the yam, and would want to buy more maybe to take home or for many other reasons. Negative impacts * Culturally sometimes people are being used for sacrifices to the gods all in the name of tradition or preserving the culture.In addition, so many individuals get initiated into cults or fraternities which they never planned for. These initiations could be traced to the cleansing and sacrifices to the gods. Also People are being initiated into so many things. This happens because of the cleansing, sacrifices and others not mentioned. Gbagyi Gbodogunthe event takes place in northern part of Nigeria. it is being observed by the agadabukeyis or the Gwari people of Gadabuke village in toto local government area,in Nasarawa state. It is celebrated annually at he end of the year November/December. The festival is all about cultural values and tradition all showcasing with little sacrifices because religion has dominated tradition today. It helps to make the young ones get to know more about their customs and traditions. The people involved are the king, chiefs, governors, advocates and the villagers. Traditional dances, masquerades also display-the dance called Daw iya(the native name),their local or cultural food is being displayed and served as well by name Zhepo.Martial arts, like the traditional martial arts are being done also,magics such as pounding a tuber of yam on a person, and it is not painful(odi e shi-which means it is not painful in a language called Igbo),cutting an individual with a very sharp knife and it doesnt hurt, eating razor brand and it doesnt cut the persons mouth, pouring water into a basket and it does not lick. They normally drink palm wine, and the local food Zhepo with something to go with it. for example, garden glob soup and ponded yam.Ceremonial cleansing is being done also before the festival, traditional wears are being worn and they are called Ajesinda. This is the local food called Zhepo The Zhepo and garden bollock soup mixed together Impacts of Gbagyi gbodogun Positive impacts The festival effects the locals in so many ways, a few of them are * Socially it is exciting for example when people watch the masquerades dance and the magicians act, it is pleasing to the eye and heart at times. Fun people get to enjoy themselves while celebrating the festival. eg. he people acting as masquerades find it interesting scaring people (when they run, because of fear), the traditional dancers also have fun while performing at the festival. * Culturally it awakens the gbagyi people about their culture for them to remember, to preserve, conserve and leave the culture Authentic just the way it has always been from the first days, if not because of science and technology or the 21st century age that came in and has really impacted into it. Negative impacts * Socially the festival reunites the Gwari people. For example Gbagyi eople come together from far and near to celebrate, and through this, people get to stomach new individuals. * Culturally youths try stupid things. Eg. they go home and practice what they have seen the magicians do at the festival just to know if it true or not. At times they aspire to be magicians and have magical powers to do whatever they wished to do. CRITICAL ANALYSIS A. Is it fair for human beings to be killed all in the name of preserving culture? For example in the Igue festival human beings were being sacrificed to appease the gods.I personally believe that, no human being should be killed shut the person has committed any crime punishable according to law and order. B. Can a festival be authentic, even after the foreign tourists impacts on them? Most at times, when foreigners grace these local events, they tend to introduce the western system to the locals who accept it and put it into practice. It takes a person who is by rights educated and learned to know how to preserve their culture despite the influence of the foreign tourists. CONCLUSIONIn a nutshell, Even if Nigeria is rich in cultural festivals, there are some practices that are not supposed to be sustained anymore and there are some that are meant to be preserved and maintained. Fo r example, sacrificing of human beings. On the other hand, it is good for foreign tourists to come for the events and educate the locals more about festivals, but the locals also need to be educated on how to preserve their culture. REFERENCES http//emeagwali. com/nigeria/ culinary art/igbo-new-yam-festival. html Robertico Rosendo croes. (2000), Anatomy of demand in international tourism, a case study of Aruba, Van Gorcum. ihttp//www. nasarawastatetourism. com/events/GbagyiGbogun. html Bob Mckercher, Hilary du cros. (2002), cultural tourism the partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management, U. S. A. the Haworth hospitality press. http//nigerianartatoyasaf. blogspot. com/2012/02/in-benin-igue-festival-2011-c elebrates. html Peter Robinson, Sine hietmann, peter Dieke. (2011), Research themes for tourism, UK, CAB international. http//www. onlinenigeria. com/festivals/? blurb=471 Milena Ivanovic. (2008), Cultural tourism, Cape Town, South Africa, Juta & company. ltd. ICOM OS AND UNWTO.

Odysseus and Aeneus: Travels to the Dark Side Essay

Ancient Greeces Odysseus from Homers The Odyssey and ancient troy weights Aeneus from Virgils The Aeneid ar twain heroes who struggle with identity and purpose, and these identities and purposes are tied up into the concepts and symbolism revolving around distaff versus virile and pagan versus Christian-like checks. In comparing Odysseus travel to the under humankind and Aeneus decent to the bolt d aver of the numb(p), integrity pot relate these journeys to the main philosophical plots of some(prenominal) works of ancient literature.Although some(prenominal) men return from underworld alive, the two mens initial approaches to the dead are slightly different, Odysseus performing sacrifices at the commission of the female goddess Circe and Aeneus praying to the male God Appollo and led to the gates by the priestess Sybil. The variance in how the heroes enter the center worlds lends significant insight into how their experiences in the underworld play out and mirror the e ntire themes of both tales.The heroes experiences with the dead are not unlike the major plots of both works, Odysseus focusing to a greater extent on a happy return to his wife and Aeneus c ingress more on a successful honoring of God and country. The more mortal, pagan, and female experiences of Odysseus journey contrast to the more unceasing, Christian-like, and male voyage of Aeneus. A main difference in the drive of the two men is that Odysseus is driven by the recommendations of the Goddess Circe and Aeneus is empowered by the guidance of the God Appolo. present one can see the divine gender differences and the contrast of abiding by the rule of an immortal woman or the power of an immortal man. Leadership positions are of great significance in The Odyssey and The Aeneid, because Ithaca and Troy were in bitter contends for power and influence during this time. In calling attention to modern day Christian theology, it can be stated that perhaps Aeneus displays the most lea dership capacity, given that he takes heed of the influence of male shapes.However, in refuting modern day Christian mentality, one can suppose that Odysseus may be correct in placing his trust and ability to be guided in the hands of a woman, pass judgment the idea of womanly power and the distaff energy which can be useful to and benefit male figures. The fact that the tale of Odysseus was born several hundred years before Christian theology contrasts with the novel of Aeneus, written only a couple decades before Christs birth, on the cusp of Christian influence.The communication of the ghosts to both heroes gives insight to the similarities and differences of their experiences in the underworlds. At the River of Ocean in the land of the Cimmerians, the drifts themselves hail to Odysseus, giving him a more rooted or female positioning, Elpenor one of the first to greet Odysseus, begging him to return to Circes island and give him a proper burial. In Dis, the land of the dea d, Charon delivers souls to Aeneus from across the river Acheron, and Sybil explains to Aeneus that the souls of the dead mustiness remain on the other bank.However, upon showing his golden branch, Aeneus is subject to be ferried across and he moves into the underworld, granting him an entering and more male positioning. Further communication with the spirits reveal to both men the end goals or purposes of their expeditions. For Odysseus, in the counsel of the ghost prophet Tiresias, he is informed that the Achaeans are being punished by Poseidon for the blinding of his son Polyphemus and foresees that Odysseus will have a successful journey culminating in the return to his wife, the proscription of her eager suitors, and the future engagement in another trip to appease Poseidon.The goal for Aeneus is also revealed in the land of the dead by the spirit of his father Anchesis, that Romulus will found Rome, a Caesar will eventually come from the line of Ascanius, and Rome will r to each one a Golden Age of rule all over the world. Here, one notes that for Odysseus, a return to Penelope is a large part of his purpose, while Aeneus appears to be on a mission revolving fighting solely for the fatherland. The relative physical nearness of Odysseus to the spirits contrasts the distance of Aeneus to the ghosts they both encounter, Odysseus seemingly swarmed by the souls and Aeneus travelling to the spirits throughout Hades.The shades of the dead are immediately able to interact with and influence Odysseus, while Aeneus is separated from the spirits by the river and must be shuttled across by the gate keeper, Charon. Also, the concept of levels of purgatory is not readily apparent in Odysseus experience in the underworld, while Aeneus experiences the question through stages of Hell, from the suicide victims in the Fields of Mourning to the innocent spirits in the Blessed Groves. angiotensin-converting enzyme can distinguish between the more ancient belief of Odyss eus being directly submerged with the spirit world, souls coming to him directly, and Aeneus more Christian-like orientation of being classified in steps away from the divine or away from eternal joy according to the level of preoccupation with sin and death, journeying through the diverse areas of what could be termed a kind of purgatory in Hell, perhaps just short of divine life or mortality in Heaven.Two former soldier spirits communicate to the men that they would like to be buried properly, which serves to align the tales of Odysseus and Aeneus more closely together. Both Elpenors plea to Odysseus and Aeneus spotting of Palinurus at heart the area for spirits having received improper burials bring sadness to the hearts of the heroes, perhaps knowing that the deceased did not receive the most appropriate and respectful honor from them.The quick and dirty nature of battle is called to mind for both of the men as they express regret at their ineffectiveness in having stipendia ry proper respects to their lost friends. Here, Odysseus and Aeneus are seen as more similar, both either guilty or saddened by the lost chance to truly honor the dead at the time of their passing. This experience serves for both men a time of self reflection on their own actions, deliberating on whether or not they had made the right choices and calling to mind the concepts of sin and regret due to possibly mistaken actions.In comparing Odysseus spousal to Penelope to Aeneus sighting of Dido in the land of the dead, one is struck by the sapiently contrast in the mens relationships with women. While Odysseus is faithful to Penelope and keeps her as a thrust force in his quest, a goal and trea certainly to which he wants to return and underpin, Aeneus is shocked by seeing his former love in the Fields of Mourning, having killed herself and married a ghost in the afterlife. Aeneus incapacity at sustaining a relationship is a very important point to consider in the comparison of bo th heroes.Perhaps Odysseus clinging to the more female part of existence and divine life lends power to his ability to champion his marriage together, giving obligate and honor to the idea of family life. Although both men are soldiers on journeys to defend their home countries, Odysseus does not make the complete break from home in the way that Aeneus does. The splitting of Aeneus and Dido is a deep and telling fracture which can lend insight into the Trojan way of thinking regarding marriage and family.In this way, Aeneus masculinity works once against him in that he is effectively separated from romantic love, and Odysseus pact with the feminine keeps him bound closer to family and home life. Also restoreing on the concept of family members as they relate to gender differences is the fact that Odysseus is visited by his mother in the underworld and Aeneus seeks out his father. The coming of Odysseus mother Anticleia is again a more female orientation visitation and perhaps an other impetus for Odysseus to return home to his wife Penelope, as his mother confesses to have died of grief in waiting for his return to Ithaca.Aeneus colloquy with his father is again a more male oriented fundamental interaction. Anchises explains how the spirits move about in Dis, illustrating more understandably the Christian-like concept of purgatory and gaining insight on how the ghosts are able to reach the Fields of Gladness, as well as gaining insight on the future role of Trojans in Rome and the expansion of the Roman Empire, lending support to the ideas of hierarchy and patriarchy.In paying attention to the sensation of what it was like to have been in the two underworlds, one notes that the experience of the souls in Odysseus underworld is nothing less than suffering and that the experience of the spirits in Aeneus land of the dead is more variable, some suffering and some happiness. Odysseus departure from the underworld in being swarmed by the souls is one of fright and fleeing, while Aeneus leaves the land of the dead courageously.The distaste which Odysseus holds for the dead ghosts is apparent, and he expresses the fact that he wants nothing to do with knowledge of the dead. The encounter with his mother Anticleia may have also invoked fear in Odysseus that his wife Penelope may also surrender to sadness and death. Aeneus is more curious of the afterlife, the verifying aspects and ostracize aspects being grouped separately, and he demonstrates a rely to learn about now to gain gate to the nicer areas of the spirit world.The energy he receives from the encouraging conversation with his father regarding the positive aspects of purgatory and the future goal of his win in Italy enables Aeneus to leave his visit to the land of the dead with confidence. The notions of judgment and peace are also themes in Odysseus and Aeneus visits to the afterworld. In Odysseus underworld experience, the dead are not really judged, yet they are all unhappy. In this case, in that respect is no peace for the dead and no judgment of death other than a disconfirming one.To Odysseus, the underworld is black and unfortunate place, hopefully avoidable, yet certainly not avoidable for Odysseus given his own mortality. There is a blanketed negativity in Odysseus concept of the afterlife, no room for positive judgment and no room for peace. However, in looking at Aeneus experience in the land of the dead, one notes that there are various judgments of the spirits and various areas of suffering and bliss, correlating to the judgment of their life choices before death, Minos handing out judgments to the recently deceased.Although there are suffering souls, there are also ghosts who enjoy happiness and peace in the afterlife, concepts resembling the purgatory of Christianity during this pre-Christian area. In Aeneus experience, one is able to glean a sense of hopefulness from the spiritual world, while Odysseus encounter with the dead is in gener al frightful and perhaps even unhelpful. These two experiences can be viewed in two ways.Perhaps it is positive that Aeneus sees joy in death, granting him extra courage to face the afterlife, however, perhaps this makes Aeneus closer to death, while Odysseus may be made safer by aiming to avoid death completely. In considering the two men and their two tales, it is illuminating to involve the two midpoint travels of the heroes into the underworlds. Odysseus as a hero is somewhat more woman led, depending on Circe, interaction with his mother, and yearnings for Penelope, and this thread of female orientation is present throughout Odysseus journey.He is even warned by Tiresias to not touch the flocks of the sun, a metaphor which rings a sense of warning to resist the urge of being likewise male oriented. Odysseus fear of death can be viewed in two different ways. Perhaps he is cowardly, or perhaps he is more attached to life and desires to be in the land of the living. Odysseus des ire to return to Ithaca and reclaim his wife Penelope is always a drawing factor, and Odysseus flight from the spirit world may simply correlate to his desire to return home to his family.The hero Aeneus is more man led, valuing the prayers to Appollo, the conversation with his father, and let go of his woman Dido, placing the voyage and battle ahead of his family life, remaining more male oriented. The letting go of his relationship with Dido and her subsequent death supports the idea that Aeneus is able to cut ties, however, one cannot be sure if the ability of Aeneus to cut ties is a positive ability or if he wrongly fractures his romance and family bonds.The concepts of fence and complimentary genders, divine mortal and immortal influence, and pagan and Christian-like theologies and belief systems all contribute to the development of the tales The Odyssey and The Aeneid as well as place meaning and focus on the heroes Odysseus and Aeneus and their travels down into the realm of the dead, giving each character definition and shape in the similarities and contrasts between the two men and their unique yet connect voyages.If Odysseus is a more ancient pagan with closer ties to the feminine and Aeneus is a more modern Christian-like figure with closer ties to the masculine, one wonders if something was gained in this historical transition or if something was lost. Works Cited Homer. The Odyssey, circa 800 BC Virgil. The Aeneid, circa 20 BC

Education and Mark Twain Tags

Live as if you were to die tomorrow. apprise as if you were to live forever. ? Mahatma Gandhi tagscarpe-diem,education,inspirational, instruction 38,294 plurality wish it similar I fork out neer permit my schooling interfere with my education. ? Mark Twain tagseducation 11,482 battalion c are it a handle You only whent joint never be overdressed or over germinated. ?Oscar Wilde tagseducation,fashion 6,803 mint want it comparable You educate a populace you educate a man. You educate a woman you educate a generation. ? Brigham Young tagseducation,feminism,men,women 3,833 great deal like it like The world is a book and those who do not travel read only peerless page. ? Augustine of Hippo tagsallegory,books,broad-mindedness,classic,education,imagery,travel,world 3,650 raft want it like fostering is the most powerful weapon which you can use to smorgasbord the world. ? Nelson Mandela tagschange,education 2,344 quite a little liked it like Whatever the cost of our libraries, the price is barefaced compared to that of an ignorant nation. ? Walter Cronkite tagseducation,ignorance,intelligence,libraries 2,006 people liked it like Education is the ability to listen to closely any amour without losing your temper or your self-confidence. ? Robert Frost tagseducation 1,846 people liked it like When you know better you do better. ?Maya Angelou tagseducation,intelligence,knowledge,wisdom 1,709 people liked it like The past has no power over the present moment. ?Eckhart Tolle tagseducation,inspirational,life,philosophy,truth,wisdom 1,564 people liked it like Education the path from cocky ignorance to miserable uncertainty. ? Mark Twain tagseducation 1,267 people liked it like Intelligence plus character-that is the goal of true education. ? Martin Luther King, Jr. tagseducation ,160 people liked it like The task of the modern educator is not to cut down jungles, merely to irrigate deserts. ? C. S. Lewis tagseducation 1,111 people liked i t like The best affaire for cosmos sad, replied Merlin, beginning to puff and blow, is to learn something. Thats the only thing that never fails. You may grow old and trembling in your anatomies, you may lie awake at night listening to the disorder of your veins, you may miss your only love, you may see the world just about you devastated by evil lunatics, or know your honour trampled in the sewers of baser minds.There is only unity thing for it whence to learn. Learn why the world wags and what wags it. That is the only thing which the mind can never exhaust, never alienate, never be tortured by, never fear or distrust, and never dream of regretting. Learning is the only thing for you. Look what a lot of things there are to learn. ? T. H. White,The Once and Future King tagscuriosity,depression,education,learning, seeing 1,045 people liked it like If you want to get laid, go to college. If you want an education, go to the library. ? Frank Zappa tagseducation,sex 1,013 people liked it ike Give a girl an education and introduce her properly into the world, and ten to matchless but she has the means of settling well, without further expense to anybody. ? Jane Austen tagseducation,women 980 people liked it like Education without values, as multipurpose as it is, seems rather to make man a more(prenominal) clever devil. ? C. S. Lewis tagscharacter-development,education,ethics 834 people liked it like Eragon looked back at him, confused. I dont understand. Of course you dont, said Brom impatiently. Thats why Im teaching you and not the otherwise way around. ?Christopher Paolini,Eragon tagseducation,humor 828 people liked it like I am not a teacher, but an awakener. ?Robert Frost tagscarpe-diem,education,inspirational,learning,mentoring 819 people liked it like In real life, I assure you, there is no such thing as algebra. ? Fran Lebowitz tagsalgebra,education,humor,mathematics 775 people liked it like Kids dont believe what you try to teach them. They remember what you are. ? Jim Henson,Its Not Easy Being Green And Other Things to Consider tagschildhood,education,learning,teaching 773 people liked it like Ideally, what should be said to every child, repeatedly, throughout his or her school life is something like this You are in the process of being indoctrinated. We have not yet evolved a system of education that is not a system of indoctrination. We are sorry, but it is the best we can do. What you are being taught here is an amalgam of current prejudice and the choices of this particular culture. The slightest look at history will show how impermanent these must be. You are being taught by people who have been able to accommodate themselves to a regime of design laid down by their predecessors.It is a self-perpetuating system. Those of you who are more robust and individual than others will be encouraged to leave and find ways of educating yourself educating your own judgements. Those that stay must remember, always, and all the time, that they are being moulded and patterned to fit into the narrow and particular needs of this particular society. ? Doris Lessing,The Golden Notebook tagsconformity,education,feminism,knowledge-power,quip,school 740 people liked it like Study without desire spoils the memory, and it retains nothing that it takes in. ? Leonardo da Vinci agseducation,schooling,university 734 people liked it like Prejudices, it is well known, are most difficult to eradicate from the marrow squash whose soil has never been loosened or fertilised by education they grow there, firm as weeds among stones. ? Charlotte Bronte,Jane Eyre tagseducation,prejudice 700 people liked it like The mind is not a vessel to be filled, but a fire to be kindled. ? Plutarch tagscuriosity,education,mentoring,mind,persuasion 669 people liked it like Without education, we are in a horrible and deadly danger of taking educated people seriously. ? G. K.Chesterton tagseducation,ignorance,indoctrination 66 7 people liked it like Often, its not about becoming a new person, but becoming the person you were meant to be, and already are, but dont know how to be. ? heathland L. Buckmaster,Box of Hair A Fairy Tale tagseducation,growth,life,self-acceptance,self-realization 664 people liked it like You know, sometimes kids get bad grades in school because the class moves too slow for them. Einstein got Ds in school. puff up guess what, I get Fs ? Bill Watterson tagscalvin-and-hobbes,comic,education,funny,school 662 people liked it like The educated disagree from the uneducated as much as the living differ from the dead. ? Aristotle tagseducation 625 people liked it like Try not to have a good time this is supposed to be educational. ? Charles M. Schulz tagseducation,humor 589 people liked it like * Home * Authors * Topics * Quote of the Day * Pictures * Top of Form Bottom of Form AuthorsABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ - Education Quotes * GridList * * Prev * 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * .. * 40 * succee ding(a) * Share220309 Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.Nelson Mandela Change,Powerful,Weapon It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without judge it. Aristotle Mind,Without,Thought A liberal education is at the heart of a civil society, and at the heart of a liberal education is the act of teaching. A. Bartlett Giamatti Society,Heart,Act An education isnt how much you have perpetrate to memory, or even how much you know. Its being able to differentiate between what you know and what you dont. Anatole France Between,Able,Memory My cause said I must always be intolerant of ignorance but understanding of lliteracy. That some people, unable(p) to go to school, were more educated and more intelligent than college professors. Maya Angelou obtain,School,Ignorance Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing that is worth knowing can be taught. Oscar Wilde Time,Nothing ,Remember Ads by Google church Online Tired of your life? Find hope at Church Online westside-family. churchonline. org Education is the ability to listen to almost anything without losing your temper or your self-confidence. Robert Frost Without,Anything,LosingEducation is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire. William butler Yeats Fire,Lighting,Filling Develop a passion for learning. If you do, you will never cease to grow. Anthony J. DAngelo Learning,Passion,Grow An investment in knowledge pays the best interest. Benjamin Franklin Knowledge,Best,Interest In the first place, God made idiots. That was for practice. Then he made school boards. Mark Twain God,School,Made The roots of education are bitter, but the reaping is sweet. Aristotle Sweet,Bitter,Roots Education is the key to unlock the golden door of freedom.George Washington Carver Freedom,Door,Key Education is not preparation for life education is life itself. John Dewey Life,Itself The only person who is educated is the one who has erudite how to learn and change. Carl Rogers Change,Person,Learned Education is the best friend. An educated person is respected everywhere. Education get the better of the beauty and the youth. Chanakya Beauty,Best,Friend He who opens a school door, closes a prison. Victor Hugo School,Door,Prison I exhausted three days a week for 10 years educating myself in the public library, and its better than college.People should educate themselves you can get a complete education for no money. At the end of 10 years, I had read every book in the library and Id written a thousand stories. Ray Bradbury Money,Myself, polish off Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance. Will Durant Ignorance,Discovery The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education. Albert Einstein Learning,Interferes It is a thousand times better to have common sense without education than to have education without common sense. Robert Green Ingersoll Better,Witho ut,SenseA human being is not attaining his full heights until he is educated. Horace Mann Human,Until, full phase of the moon Education is a better safeguard of liberty than a standing army. Edward Everett Better,Liberty,Army No one has yet realized the wealth of sympathy, the kindness and generosity hidden in the soul of a child. The struggle of every true education should be to unlock that treasure. Emma Goldman Sympathy,Kindness,True An educated person is one who has learned that information almost always turns out to be at best incomplete and very often false, misleading, fictitious, mendacious just dead wrong.Russell Baker Best,Person,Learned - Share with your Friends Share Everyone likes a good iterate dont forget to share. - Popular Authors Abraham Lincoln Albert Einstein Buddha C. S. Lewis Dalai Lama Eleanor Roosevelt Helen Keller John F. Kennedy Khalil Gibran Marilyn Monroe Mark Twain Martin Luther King, Jr. Maya Angelou Mother Teresa Oscar Wilde Ronald Reagan Socrates Thomas Jefferson William Shakespeare Winston Churchill much authors * GridList * * Prev * 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 .. * 40 * Next - Popular Topics Love Quotes Life Quotes Friendship Quotes Motivational Quotes Inspirational Quotes Success Quotes mistrustful Quotes Wisdom Quotes More topics - Get Social with BrainyQuote BrainyQuote Desktop BrainyQuote Mobile - Site Home Quote of the Day Topics Authors Pictures Professions Birthdays - Social BQ on Facebook BQ on Twitter BQ on Pinterest BQ on Google+ Syndication Quote Feed Art Quote Feed Funny Quote Feed Love Quote Feed Nature Quote Feed - About Us Our Story Inquire Advertise Submit Privacy Terms AdChoices Copyright 2001 2013 BrainyQuote BookRags Media Network - Sharing prospered Share again Youve successfully shared using Po. st Welcome to po. st Powered by Po. stPrivacy Read more athttp//www. brainyquote. com/quotes/topics/topic_education. htmlz1aYzpTLODgGBg7Q. 99

Pulse Width Modulation Final Year Project

Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 0 Background split arcsecond comprehensiveness Modulation (PWM) is a type of devices that good deal be physical exertiond as a DC aim speed controller or animated dimmer. PWM is used extensively for speed controller where power-saving activity is inviteed. This device has been used as a get speed control for sm alone DC fans, for practice session in computer power supplies. A PWM circles works by creating a square flourish with a vari subject on-to-off ratio, the average on time may be varied from 0 to coke occupation cycle.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of on time to the regular interval or period of time a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is verbalized in percent, century% being fully on. From this, a variable amount of power is transferred to the load. The main utility of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When the switch is off ther e is practically no current, and when it is on, there is almost no potential difference drop across the switch.Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is indeed in both cases close to zero. PWM as well as works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, shtup easily set the needed duty cycle. Additional advantage of PWM is that the pulses reach the full supply voltage and will produce more torque in a motor by being able to overcome the internal motor resistance easily. 1. 1 Objectives The intents of this view are 1.To develop the actual circuit of the PWM. 2. To simulate the PWM circuit in pretension parcel. 3. To use the PWM in order to control the speed of the DC motor. 1. 2 Methodology Start Title consideration, ideas Supervisor approval Components specifications and data sheets marriage proposal Drafting purpose Evaluation Project Simulation Project Presentation come near Report Submission END emblem 1. 2. 1 Flowchart of Methodo logy 1. 3 Gantt graph 1. 3. 1 Final form Project 1 WEEKSACTIVITY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 Student-supervisor-panel allocation, briefing ab come place FYP, introductions 2 Student-supervisor see arrange time, finding ideas discuss ideas, project titles 3 Student-supervisor regular meeting 4 Proposal readying 5 Proposal evaluation, meet supervisor for evaluation, things to be improved 6 Proposal set upion correct any mistakes 7 Project Development choose circuit, check availability wile 8 Proposal and progress presentation 9 Progress report writing is based on progress 10 Progress report submission submit report 1. 3. 2 Final Year Project 2 Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Tasks Buy Components Construct circuiton breadboard Troubleshoot PCB Layout see PCB Layout mark Soldering Final Report Final Presentation 1. 3. 2. 1 Aims for Final Year Project 2 1. Prepare the actual circuit diagram 2. Building and programming the PCB circuit diagram 3.Drilling the PCB and joining the components 4. interrogation the PWM circuit 5. Troubleshoot 1. 3. 2. 2 Project planning for Final Year Project 2 For the final twelvemonth project 2, we have to prepare the actual circuit based on our show result. We will construct the PCB ar dickensrk with PCB programming such as ExpressPCB, which is available for free and is surprisingly functional. Next, we have to print out the PCB artwork on a transparency. Then we cut out the printed portion of the artwork. This will define the sizing of it and shape of the PCB.To make PCBs, we can use the UV exposure method, which is only slightly more ticklish than and significantly more precise than the toner transfer method. To start out, we must cut the PCB to b e the same size as the outline of the PCB positive. First, we drew a rectangle the same dimensions of the PCB on the protective layer of UV oxidizable copper covered ibreglass board, and then cut it out using a Dremel tool equipped with a diamond wheel. We have to make sure that once we have removed the board from its protective mailboat it will not be chance upond to any UV.Fluorescent and halogen lights both output enough UV light that they will expose the board through the protective layer of plastic. Next, after we cut the UV erogenous PCB to size, we are ready to expose the board. Then we remove the protective layer to size, from the PCB right before we trust the positive on it, or else dust particles will attach to the board, which will mark the final PCB. To expose the PCB, first remove the protective layer, place the positive transparency on top of the board, and place it in the UV exposure box. An exposure time of 10-11 minutes is recommended.Now we need to drill holes in the PCB for the through-hole components. Finally, we have to solder all the components through-hole components. If the final result is not achieved when testing the final circuit, we have to run troubleshooting and find out the caper. Then, we solved the problem based on the troubleshooting after we identify the real problem. Chapter 2 Circuit Design and Operation 2. 1 Schematic diagram Figure 2. 1. 1 Schematic Diagram of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) To carry DC Motor Speed. 2. 2 Circuit operation 2. 2. 1 Flow Chart and Description Input presage DC wave) ? IC NE556 outfit distinguish (Square wave) LM311 Comparator Potentiometer ? IC NE556 Output Signal (Modulated Square wave) IRF 521 DC Motor Figure 2. 2. 1. 1 Circuit Operation Flowchart The foreplay signal is fed into first half of IC NE556. The IC NE556 will generate square wave. The wave will then go to the second half of IC NE556 and been modulated. Potentiometer will control the second half IC to produce the desired o utput. A modulated square will be generated from the second IC. This wave of current will be amplified by IRF521 and then went to the motor and spin it.The DC motor speed will depends on the magnitude of the current. Chapter 3 Project Progress 3. 0 The Project Progress and the Project Outcomes The first stage of the progress is building the circuit for the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) circuit. Then, the exceed circuit diagram is chosen for our project. A preliminary literature review about our circuit had also been done. In this project, two of the LM556, Dual 556 Timer TTL IC were used to simulate the PWM circuit. The first IC allowed the hypothesis to generate square wave while the second IC allow modulation variation.Other than that, several problems were encountered when simulating some(a) part of the circuit. This is due to in manage library component of the simulation software such as the inadequacy of LM556 IC in the first place. This was because the wrong type of licence of the software was selected. After a a few(prenominal) trials and some changes of the circuit diagram for simulation, and with the right licence for the software, the PWM circuit was successfully simulated. Figure 1. 1 expect DC square wave (output) Results Input Signal of 1st half of IC NE556 Output Signal of 2nd half of IC NE556Calculation from theory Thigh= 0. 7(RA+RC)C Thigh= 0. 7(1M+1K) (0. 05) = 0. 035s/35ms Tlow= 0. 7 RB C Tlow= 0. 7 (1K) (0. 05) = 3. 510-5s/ 0. 035 ms Values from simulation Thigh= 38ms Tlow= 42 s/ 0. 042 m Input Signal of 2nd half of IC NE556 Output Signal of 2nd half IC NE556 (A=0%, B=0%) (A=0%, B=10%) (A=0%, B=50%) (A=0% B=100%) Calculation from theory Thigh= 1. 1 RA C Rated Current From Simulation (A=0%, B=0%)I=45. 842mA(A=0%, B=10%)I=132. 953mA (A=0%, B=50%)I=406. 541mA(A=0% B=100%)I=4. 121A Table of Motor Speed Slow Speed Fast 0% Value of Potentiometer B 100% 0. 2077ms T high (ON time) 7. l79ms 132. 95mA Rated Current 4. 121A 12V Rated Voltage (Const ant) 12V Since voltage is constant, the higher the current supplied, the faster the motor would spin. Chapter 4 4. 0 The Problems Encountered CASE 1 FINDING SUITABLE SIMULATION SOFTWARE The PWM circuit uses two of LM556 IC. The first LM556 will convert DC input signal into square wave. Before doing the hardware of the project, the software need to be simulated first to check whether the circuit diagram is correct or need some adjustment.Because of this, finding the suitable simulation software had become a problem encounter to stopping point the project. List below show example name of otherwise(a) simulation software that can be used to run any the software simulation for the project 1. TINA 2. OrCAD Capture 3. genus Proteus either of the other simulation software above can be use to run the simulation for this project simply some of them were not suitable. As an example the TINA software were not used because of the unfamiliarity and the complexity of the software.The projec t also cannot be simulated using the OrCAD Capture since there were a large number of library which does not have simulation installed. This make it unsuitable since this project required to be simulated. Meanwhile PROTEUS software was not used because of the difficult interface that complicate the user or in other words not user-friendly. CASE 2 WRONG LICENCE OF SIMULATION SOFTWARE After MULTISIM had been installed, a situation was encountered where the library components are not assoil or some of the components are not available.If this problem prolonged, the circuit cannot be designed in the software. Some measures had been taken to find the solution but the problems remedy persist. There are some types of licence that accompanied for MULTISIM, which are 1Power PRO translation 2Full Edition 3Student Edition 4Education PKG Edition 5Base Edition At first, the Full Edition licence was installed. When the circuit was being designed, a haulage of components were unavailable. Ever y aspect of the software was checked, but no problem related to the software was detected. The MULTISIM software was flawlessly installed in the computer. . 1 Solutions for Every Problem CASE 1 resultant USE MULTISIM SOFTWARE The simulation can be done by using simulation programmed like TINA, Proteus, or OrCAD Capture. Unfortunately, all of these simulation programmed mentioned above have problems as explained before. Without a proper simulation, it is hard to detect any problems that exist in the design of the circuit. Finally, MULTISIM is chosen as the simulation program. MULTISIM was suitable for simulation of the Pulse Width Modulation circuit. MULTISIM has all the required components in its component library.Hence, all the components can be place in the circuit to complete it. Simulation can be done easily by using MULTISIM. All the results being open by using this programmed. Expected results are the PWM wave which will control the motor. CASE 2 SOLUTION WRONG LICENCE OF SIMULATION SOFTWARE This problem was easily encountered by reinstalling licence of the right type. In this case, PowerPro Edition licence type was required. After it has been reinstalled, all the components are unlocked. Hence, the process of designing the circuit in the simulation software continued, and simulation process succeed.Chapter 5 Conclusion For this semester, the project progress was successful until the simulation. Hence, the simulation needs to be done correctly according to the circuit so that expected result can be obtained. The circuit diagram for PWM to Control DC Motor Speed has been successfully designed. Thus, the first objective has been achieved. The progress of the project works efficiently if the project followed accordingly to the Gantt chart made at the origin of the project. The Gantt chart contains all the important steps that need to be followed in rder to finish the project successfully. All the steps in the Gantt chart been mentioned with respective date. Hence, there should be no problem during Final Year Project 1 when all works were being done according directly to the Gantt chart. The simulation for PWM to Control DC Motor Speed had been done by using simulation program, MULTISIM. MULTISIM provides all the necessary components to complete the simulation for the PWM circuit. Since the output should be a DC motor or a DC fan, it was replaced with scope or Multimeter to observe the changes that occur in the simulation.This shows that choosing MULTISIM is the smart choice to run the simulation because of the advantages and the ease of use that this simulation program has. REFERENCES 1. Motor Speed Controller, retrieved from http//homepages. which. net/paul. hills/SpeedControl/SpeedControllersBody. hypertext mark-up language 2. 4QD-TEC Electronics Circuits Reference Archive PWM speed control, retrieved from http//www. 4qdtec. com/pwm-01. html 3. PWM Motor Speed Controller / DC Light Dimmer, retrieved from http//www. solorb. c om/elect/solarcirc/pwm1/ 4. PWM DC Motor Controller, retrieved from http//picprojects. org. uk/projects/ppc/index. htm