Miseducation of Filipino Essay

Prof. Renato Constantino, in his essay entitled â€Å"The Miseducation of the Filipino†, writes about the coming about of the miseducation and the consequences of such action in the lives of the Filipinos, then, now, and perhaps the future. Promoting and imposing the â€Å"unFilipino† identity in Filipinos was the miseducation that Americans pursued during the time when they â€Å"posed† as a benevolent ally to the Philippines, and they proved victorious indeed because they had completely subjugated the Filipinos, both in minds and in hearts. Education is a very vital factor for one’s development. And as we all know, through education, one’s mind is molded because of the teachings, ideas, and values taught to him. Due to this fact, it’s only either of the two that will happen: the person will become productive provided that he was taught with the right things, or, the person will become otherwise since he acquired negative things. Personally, I learned and realized many things about the history and relationship between the Americans and the Filipinos upon reading this paper. It is quite intriguing what the main reasons really were the Americans in taking power over the Philippines. Was it for the good of the Filipinos or the Americans’ good? Whatever it was, they succeeded in almost every aspect of conquering the land because they knew the most effective way to subjugate Filipinos minds: by controlling our education. They created a new generation of good colonials, the â€Å"unFilipino† Filipinos. The indigenous ways of life of Filipinos had been changed to the American way of life. That was ridiculous because certainly, America and Philippines vastly differed from each other in so many ways, and therefore, their ways of life based on their differing needs should be entirely different. But the Americans insisted on creating a â€Å"carbon-copy† of themselves in Filipinos through the imposition of their language in their education. I went to elementary and high school in the Philippines, and I know for a fact they used both English and Tagalog as the media of teaching. In the long run, I think this resulted in both positive and negative ways — positively, because I was uprooted to the U. S. and I was able to use the â€Å"smattering† English I know to communicate with others, and negatively, because as I have just realized, I feel the â€Å"impediment† in my thought process because I cannot think consistently in one language. All in all, I liked this piece because it reiterates the importance of education to not only produce literate people but also to produce people who would use that education to better their nation.

Vietnam Challenges in Development

â€Å"What are the major obstacles in your country’s development to achieve long-term and sustainable growth and in addressing such obstacles what public policies need to be put in place, particularly in relation to national technology and innovation capability? † Vietnam’s reform process named Doi Moi (Renovation) since 1986 witnessed success of market-oriented changes. Not only has Vietnam been one of the world’s fastest growing economies (averaging over 7 per cent p. a. GDP growth), it has made great strides towards eliminating poverty, achieved national food security and become a major exporter of agricultural commodities.However, the process of shifting from agricultural dominance to industrial dominance has also created number of negatives effects for the country that public policies should be put in place to address. Three main obstacles, which Vietnam has to face up with, are those issues of growth, society and environment: Firstly, the countryâ₠¬â„¢s economic growth primarily is factor-based and quantity-based while knowledge-based development accounts for minimal proportion. The growth made by input capitals (foreign investment, natural resources) makes the results do not deserve with investment.IMF experts make a comparison of Vietnam case with Thailand and Philippine in the past 2 decades, when two country experienced same position as Vietnam currently, 30-40% total revenue of the nation created 12% growth rate, while Vietnam’s investment up to 60% of total revenue but growth rate is only 6-7%/year. It’s the time to pay attention on economic effectiveness rather than just targets setting. Secondly, economic growth in short time has lead to series of social issues.Inequality and the gap between rich and poor, rural and urban, plains and mountainous areas has been widened not only in terms of income but also living standards and chances. The rapid growth of urban economy and industry has not been linked harm oniously with rural economy and society. While many new jobs continue to withdraw young labors from the rural, they also worsen the unbalance of rural family life, gender and age. More jobs are created but unsecured, life in industrial zone or city suburban with rental house, low-income and manual job can not secure a future.The rest of people stay with agriculture, however, the growth of and is being contracted, constraining the application of hi-technologies; farming syste agricultural production (so far mainly relying on in labor and natural resources – intensive investment) has no longer enjoyed favorable conditions. Agricultural land is scattered m is still based on habitant and qualitative; products are low competitiveness. Thirdly, environment is damaged seriously. Pollution is increasing, urban and industry waste is poured to the rural. Some natural resources are over exploited for exports purpose without planning.Fossil fuel is the main source for the economy, techno logy to create alternative energy is slowly applied. In addition, the happening of epidemic, climate changes is becoming complex. Long term policy to adapt with climate change is still in the beginning stage of formulation while the country have to struggle with day to day disasters. In order to addressing those obstacles, new strategic orientation should be identified; main approaches of public policy in the new period are as follows: Distribute equally the growth results.Remove all barriers and create favorable conditions for the development of resource markets in the rural (labor, land, capital and science and technology) so that the market mechanism and internal capacity of rural people can be mobilized to regulate effectively all available resources; mobilize abundant rural labor resource, urban savings, and international capital to upgrade rural infrastructure and develop rural services and crafts (including industry and non-agriculture activities in the rural); move the urban and industry to rural areas, export and take rural labors to the urban.Focus investment on education to improve the human resource capability through appropriate vocational training policy; develop health care system in the rural, especially in difficult and poor areas; stimulate economic sectors to provide services in the urban and favorable areas; gradually, narrow the gaps of service quality between the rural and the urban. Stimulate all economic sectors to participate in the development and application of science and technology to create higher quality products.The State should concentrate its investment in science and technology applied for public services in agriculture, extension, in difficult and poor areas Identify clearly necessary criteria and areas for economic-environment balance; ensure the sustainable social and environmental development; actively make harmoniously economic, social and environmental planningIn conclusion, entering new development phase, Vietnamâ€⠄¢s development course requires new policy solutions to change investment direction into knowledge-base, mobilize hidden resources, create motivation for a large number of people to achieve a long-term and sustainable growth in which national technology and innovation capability enhancement play an crucial role.

Censoring Huckleberry Finn

Looking back at the researchers, teachers and students of Huckleberry Finn, we all know that high school grows, finds yourself, and is a time to experience different personality of different people. It will also help you prepare for a world that can quickly deal with various people and situations. If you forgive some part of the real world, you are not ready to face life problems and dilemmas. Truncated Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn is a typical example of closing the real world. In an iterative discussion on whether to reexamine Huckleberry Finn Adventures for high school students, I firmly stand on the side of the insects of traditionalism books encouraging the importance of literature as a lens of observation history I will. . Of course, studying the cultural outputs of every society provides a window to history - enter the intellectual and emotional advantages and disadvantages of humans living at different times or places. For this reason, students should be encouraged to learn art, vision, architecture, music and literature from a wide range of societies and from many eras. Huckleberry Fin's adventure, also known as Mark Twain's novel Huckleberry Finn's Adventure, was published in the UK in 1884 and was published in the United States in 1885. The narrator of this book is Huckleberry Finn. That young man, the oral and dignified speech is perfectly adapted to the scene's detailed, poetic explanation, the brilliant facial expression of the character, and a wide range of comedy. And interpretation of a sophisticated satirical story. Hack escaped his abused father with a raft on a voyage that was long interrupted along with his companion, the runaway slave, and the Mississippi River. On the road, Hack encountered various characters and types, this book depicts almost all people who unforgettably live on the river or along the river. Because of these experiences, Hack learns to overcome traditional racial prejudices and respect and love Jim. Mark Twain's satiri cal work Mark Twain, published in 1885, is his novel Tom Sawyer's Adventure published in 1875. It is a sequel. Huckleberry Finn talks about young teenager Huckleberry Finn and his friendship with Jim, an uneducated slave who escaped from the Mississippi River at various roles and events. The background of the novels occurred in the prewar era of America where slavery and racial prejudice were at the forefront of social problems.

Life On Mars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Life On Mars - Essay Example These organisms rely on chemical or geothermal energy instead, and it is likely that organisms living on Mars would have to rely on sources of energy similar to these types of organisms; it is very unlikely that there would be any life present on the surface of Mars because the atmosphere contains chemicals known as superoxides, which break down all organic, or carbon-containing molecules, which are the building blocks of life. It is much more likely that if life ever was present, or still is there today, that it would be found under the surface. The signs that we use to look for life on Mars are all based on knowledge that we have of life on Earth. While any life forms found on Earth may not be remotely similar to those found here, it provides a good starting point for the search. All living things on Earth contain the element carbon in their structures, and so this if we find this element on Mars it could signify areas in which life may have developed. From looking at deposits of fossils which chart the history of life on Earth, it can be seen that there are only certain environments in which fossils can be preserved, so if a appropriate set of conditions is found on Mars then it may be a good place to look for fossilized life forms. How do we search for life There have been several expeditions carried out to Mars, but so far all by machinery rather than actual people. In the 1970s, a team of scientists, including Dr. Gilbert Levin, sent two Viking probes up to the surface of Mars to look for signs of life. They conducted tests on the soil to see if organic materials, and possibly life, were present there at the moment, producing controversial results. Since then we have sent several other probes to conduct testing on the soil, and there are a pair of robots there at the moment - Spirit and Opportunity. As well as conducting tests, these robots have been taking photographs that a panel of scientists are studying, which may give further clues as to whether life is there at the moment, how likely it is that life has ever been there, and where best to look for any life that may be present. Dr. Gilbert Levin is also one of the scientists currently involved with this expedition. As of yet there have been no manned missions to Mars, but this ma y change in the future, since there are many scientists who back this idea. Current conclusions At the moment the question as to whether life is present, or has ever been present, on Mars is largely unanswered. Dr. Gilbert Levin concluded in 1997, from the results of the Viking mission, that there is currently life on Mars, in the form of

Web Activity 2 Twelve Tips for Team Building Essay

Web Activity 2 Twelve Tips for Team Building - Essay Example d it pretty nicely, as to how to manage these things with workable strategies and by involving all members in team discussions and giving right and opportunity to everyone to convey opinion, to come to a solution that is appropriate for the issue and group. A quick illustration of the 12 tips would give the idea that it is extremely rare that each member of the team feels as excited about the goal as the other team members. The difference is also present in the form of creativeness and innovativeness. It is thus necessary to know the expertise and the area of interest of each individual so to assign the task accordingly to maximize the team’s output (Heathfield). Moreover, the communication and collaboration among the team members, as described in the article, also have a significance value when we talk about mutual understanding and collective efforts. It is to me, not possible for a team to prosper in the long run, if the members are not in active contact with each other and cannot work jointly for problem solving or for the development of the team. So it is essential to make the social bond strong among the team member so they can work for the team’s goal and not their own! Another highly essential tool to make people feel more comfortable working in the team or as a part of any organization is, to make the environment more People friendly rather than a dictator type. That is to the change in the traditional Culture or attitude by which a team governs. If exceptional performances are not rewarded, people are not praised for their admirable conduct and zest, and the team lead fails to find a motivating factor for the team members, i t is quite possible that people would not put any extra efforts in their tasks and would feel de motivated, resulting in a decline in their passion and interest for the work (Heathfield). According to my understanding of this article, amongst the 12 C’s, the one that is the most imperative in the team building is the Control

Leading and Managing in Nursing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leading and Managing in Nursing - Term Paper Example In the contemporary world, the success of healthcare practices and strategies is largely dependent on the leadership style employed. Consequently, the personal characteristics of the leader are imperative as he or she guides the process. As reiterated by NHS Leadership Academy (2013: 3), "The way we manage ourselves is a central part of being an effective leader". For instance, a leader ought to identify his or her strengths and weaknesses in order to make out how to engage his or her followers in nursing. It is worth noting that people respond to leadership in different ways and hence the leadership style adopted by the leader is imperative. The first stage of Gibbs reflective model is a description (Peate, 2013: n.p). Student nurses are faced by a lot of challenges and nurse leaders given the role of teaching them must apply effective methods of leadership. My role involves leading and teaching lower year student nurses how to do aseptic wound dressings. In the process of teaching student nurses, I observed that many of them had a habit of making excuses for poor performance, and also avoided responsibilities. In relation to the second stage of the Gibbs reflective model, which entails explication of feelings (Peate, 2013: n.p), I felt that the students needed to be more accountable of their actions and as a result shun away from giving excuses for their poor performance. Aseptic wound dressing requires a nurse to prepare well in order to avoid spreading infections to the wound (Nicol, Payne and Edwards, 2008: 1). The nurse students made me look bad and therefore I felt dejected. The third stage of the Gibbs reflective model is the evaluation (Peate, 2013: n.p). Personally, I felt that the student nurses were not doing their best in terms of following instructions. However, after discussing this issue with my colleagues, I found out that they were experiencing the same problems with their student nurses.  Ã‚  

EXPERIENCE OF THE BEAUTY SALONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EXPERIENCE OF THE BEAUTY SALONS - Essay Example Now, we define beauty in terms of our perceptions of it which is greatly influenced by the flawless looking faces on our TV screens. In today’s world, people have become increasingly aware of the importance to look their best as your outlook is not only the primary factor that can make or break your impression but is also a booster of self confidence and esteem levels. In this never ending pursuit of beauty, our best facilitators, after the cosmetics, have been the beauty salons. Theirs is the one organization that primarily caters to the fairer sex and is known to do wonders for their outlook. It is generally believed that if you are having issues with your skin, go the beauty salons regularly and they will cure it for you. If you are subject to pressures and stress in the daily routine, go to the salon occasionally for a massage and you will forget all your worries (Michelle). Other than that, if we deem ourselves not to be as fancy as to go to the salon for petty issues as the ones mentioned previously, even then it is inevitable for us to go there for the periodic requirements of nail care or haircuts if nothing else. Beauty salons are a perfect haven of female pampering. It is a business that not only caters to our requirement of enhancing the beauty but also happens to be a luxurious medium of relaxation. On the other hand, a beauty salon is a sort of business that greatly relies on customer retention. Due to this aspect, once you become a regular customer, you get to see a lot of familiar faces around on your every trip. Not only that, due to these periodic trips one also gets to know the employers over there and both the parties are also able to develop sort of a mutual understanding. In my particular case, I am bound to go to the salon every once in a while most often for a haircut if nothing else and have now been going to the same parlour for the past couple of years. I know the place by heart and can see its whole alignment right in my head. It is a small salon in the market two blocks from my home and I can usually go there by foot. Out of all the shops around it, theirs is the board that is the hardest one to miss. With its big windows of tinted glass with posters of beautiful women adorning the campaigns of famous cosmetics, to its big pink sign above the doors with the name of the saloon written in the curly font, it is the one domain that stands out from the rest and screams of female dominion. On going through its sliding doors, one finds herself in a small room that farther leads down different sections of the salon. My first impression whenever I enter the salon is of overwhelming surprise due to all the pink around. The walls of the salon are pink; the flooring is in a different shade of pink; and on top of that all the workers there have also been assigned to wear pink shirts as their uniform so that they also blend in with the whole theme. I am personally always overwhelmed by the whole uniformity of colour a s soon as I step in the door. The inside of the salon is all filled with things to enhance the beauty. There is a small reception area on the right of the door where the clients are received and the transactions take place for their orders. The rest of the room is dominated by an area specified for haircuts and other hair treatments with high backed chairs that have each a mirror hanging in front of them. Below the mirrors is a long shelf that runs across all the chairs and has drawers filled with the tools of the workers for working in the hair department. This room is always buzzing with the sounds of the blow dryers drying and setting hair of the customers that are done with their hair treatments. Farther down, the room branches off to a number of

Illegal Immigration ( MUST BE DONE in LESS THaN 9 hours) Essay

Illegal Immigration ( MUST BE DONE in LESS THaN 9 hours) - Essay Example Considering Janet Napolitanos background sheds some light on her ambiguous positions. She is a native New Yorker that was raised in New Mexico. A life long Democrat, she is governor of a state that is generally overwhelmingly Republican. Twenty years ago she was a lawyer representing a Tucson Arizona church against charges that they were smuggling illegal aliens. She won a major case that barred federal informants from investigating the Southside Presbyterian Church. Now, as Governor of a state at the heart of the immigration problem, she faces the dilemma of squaring her past record with the political realities of the present. Clearly Arizona has an illegal immigrant problem. According to Pomfret, approximately 4000 illegal immigrants enter Arizona every day. That amounts to 1.5 million immigrants a year in a state with a population of 6 million permanent residents. The toll on schools, law enforcement, hospitals, and public programs is immense. Federal funding has skyrocketed and as Pomfret reports, "[...] the Medicaid bill ballooned from $200 million in 2001 to $1.2 billion in 2003, at least partly because of illegal immigration". In 2004, Arizona passed one of the most stringent laws to regulate spending known as proposition 200. Proposition 200 mandated that all non-federally funded programs and assistance to illegal aliens cease immediately. However, Pomfret states that, "Arizonas attorney general, with Napolitanos support, has ruled that the law only pertains to discretionary state programs and not to federally funded entitlements such as food stamps and subsidized school lunches". The propositions advocates have sought court action to demand full implementation of the initial intent of the law. The legislators, caught in an election season have ducked responsibility and have decided to let the electorate decide which, if any,

Imagining the west Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Imagining the west - Thesis Example The proclaimed ideological objective of Early American expansionists was to secure living space in the entire American West for the whites agricultural settlement by cleansing the new space for â€Å"whites† through the displacement of the Native Americans (Carroll 8). The ‘American West† involved racial-imperialist continental territorial expansion incorporating ‘taking’ indigenous’ land by force (Carroll 43). In 1893, Jackson Frederick Turner, a historian of the American West, expressed that frontier and westbound expansion served numerous purposes. The frontier acted like the â€Å"safety valve† reducing overpopulation by allowing Americans to free land. Moreover, the frontier exhibited new financial or economic opportunities as people searched for resources and land to exploit with the goal to guarantee prosperity (Koetzing 4). Turner’s Frontier Thesis accounts factors in the course of American imperialism since it crystallizes many of the desires and hopes that Americans had in the last decades of the nineteenth century (Koetzing 5). According to Turner, the frontier was "the gathering, meeting, point in the middle of civilization2 and savagery". Turners idea of the frontier enveloped ideas of progress, conquest, and individual accomplishment or achievement. Turners concept resonates with the definition of what it is to be an American today: he believed that the advancements of American settlements westwards with the conquest or triumph of landscape clarified American development (Koetzing 6) Turners frontier myth, the "gathering, meeting, point between of civilization and savagery", characterized the American’s relationship with the natural world found and misused for the name of advancement. The West availed the free land on which democracy and equality based system could thrive. The present of a continuously growing frontier was to account for remarkable American qualities: "the presence of a zone of free land, its consistent

Equity & Expectancy Theory of Motivation Essay Example for Free

Equity Expectancy Theory of Motivation Essay Motivation Explain Adams equity theory Adams’ equity theory is a motivational model that attempts to explain the relationship between what an employee puts into their job (input), what they get out of it (output) and the fairness and justice exchanged between the two (Cosier Dalton, 1983). Inputs include all factors that are perceived as necessary to obtain a return, such as effort, loyalty, hard work, commitment, skill, ability, flexibility, tolerance, determination, heart and soul, enthusiasm, trust in the employer and personal sacrifice. Whilst outputs include all factors that are seen as a return of the job such as financial rewards, perks, benefits, pension arrangements, recognition, reputation, praise, interest, responsibility, travel, training, development, sense of achievement and promotion (Cosier Dalton, 1983). A fair and equitable balance of the two are based on the employees own perception, thoughts and beliefs and are formed through comparing the employees own situation with other employees in the market place along with opinions and comparisons from colleagues, friends and partners (Kreitner Kinicki, 2010). Ultimate Software has been able to provide an equitable balance between the inputs and outputs of their employees through implementing some of the key principles of equity theory. For example they are providing a strong leadership role model through Scott Scherr-the CEO, they are being attentive to their employees’ perception of fairness and more importantly they are involving their employees in the decision making and policy process. In return this has promoted cooperation and team work within the company (Kreitner Kinicki, 2010). More specifically Ultimate Software application of being attentive and involving their employees was demonstrated when their employee suggested that they offer paid adoption leave to their employee and they consequently implemented the benefit (Kreitner Kinicki, 2010). This particular employee was about to adopt herself so she perceived that the output of â€Å"adoption leave† was a fair and equitable reward for her inputs of effort, loyalty, commitment, skill, ability and work (Cosier Dalton, 1983). Thus by listening and implementing her suggestion Ultimate Software met her sense of fairness. In addition they also conveyed to her a sense of  involvement with the decision and policy making process. Consequently the employee regarded Ultimate Software as a fair, observant and appreciative  employer. So much so that she has remained with the company for four years and has since used the â€Å"adoption leave† again. Conversely the company could have chosen not to listen to this particular employee’s suggestion. As a result Ultimate Software would not have implemented adoption leave and the employee would have felt that her inputs of effort, loyalty, commitment, skill, ability and work were out-weighed by her received outputs. This would have been even more apparent if another company in the industry offered such a leave for adopting children. Consequently the employee would have felt underappreciated and would have become demotivated. This would have resulted in the employee reducing their effort and application, and even seeking an alternative job, perhaps one where adoption leave was available (Cosier Dalton, 1983). Another example of the principles of equity theory at work in Ultimate Software is the use of benefit schemes to motivate employees. These schemes endeavour to provide employees with working conditions and policies that give additional rewards above and beyond the basic requirements to meet the perceived outputs of different individuals (Katzell Thompson, 1990). For example an employee who perceived education as a fair and equitable output to their inputs is able to benefit from the company’s annual tuition reimbursement. Whilst an employee who perceives providing health cover for themselves and their family as an equitable output for their input will acquire a sense of fairness and organisational justice through the use of Ultimate Software’s fully paid health premium scheme. These, along with the other schemes mentioned, cater for the differing perceptions, values and sensitivities amongst the company employees. This variation exists because what one employee sees as an adequate reward for their input may not even register with another employee (Blakely et al, 2005). We all have differing sensitivity and to achieve organisational justice and fairness between the inputs and outputs of individual employees the company needs to comprehend what makes their employees tick to enable them to perform their role (Wilson, 2005). Basically Ultimate Software has applied the principles of equity theory to motivate their employees. The company has provided outputs which meets their employees perception of fairness against what they input into the company (Katzell Thompson, 1990). This balance between input and output has not  only been achieved individually but also with in the work place and the industry. Consequently Ultimate Software has raised the level of employee satisfaction and performance. Explain Vroom;s Expectancy Theory Vroom’s Expectancy Theory is another motivational model but slightly more complex in its application. The model uses the three variables expectancy, instrumentality and valance to explain how an employee is motivated to behave in ways that will produce a desired combination of expected outcomes (Kreitner Kinicki, 2010). The first variable, expectancy is the belief that an ones effort will result in the attainment of desired performance goals and is based upon the employees past experiences, self-confidence and the perceived difficulty of the goal. The second variable, instrumentality is the belief that one will receive a reward if the performance expectation is met and is connected to the employees’ levels of trust in leadership, control over rewards and the company’s formalised policy. The final variable, valence is the value that one places on the rewards and is based upon an employee’s needs, goals, values and sources of motivation (Lee, 2007). It is Vroom’s belief that these three variables interact psychologically to create a motivational force that will cause employee to acts in ways that will bring pleasure and avoid pain (Pearson Hui, 2001). An example of Ultimate Software using the principle of expectancy theory to motivate their employees is through the use of their education benefit. For this to be a motivational force the three variables of expectancy, instrumentality and valance must be perceived by the employee to be met (Pearson Hui, 2001). That is to fulfil expectancy an employee will need to believe that their extra effort and time put into studying a degree, or similar educational course, will result in them completing the program. To fulfil instrumentality the employee must believe that  once completed they will be rewarded with either a higher pay and or a promotion within the company. And finally to fulfil the third variable valance, the employee will need to value that the pay rise and/or prom otion are important enough to apply extra effort and time. Basically they will need to desire the outcome enough so that they will achieve it (Pearson   Hui, 2001). Jose Chinea of Ultimate Software was able fulfil the three variables of expectancy, instrumentality and valence. Firstly Jose believed that the masters’ degree in management and information systems was achievable. Secondly he believed that the extra effort put into studying a master’s degree would lead to the reward of obtaining a promotion with Ultimate Software. And finally because he personally understood and valued education as an opportunity to grow he therefore believed that the efforts he put in, along with the rewards obtained from Ultimate Software, would be worth it. Conversely, if Jose was not able to fulfil any one of the three variables then there would be no motivational force for him to study and therefore use the educational benefit. This would happen only if he believed that he was unable to complete the master’s degree, the company was not offering a suitable reward and he perceived education and the rewards of education to be of no value. Conse quently, the internal attributes of the employee which incorporate their attitude and value systems are an extensive determinate of motivational force in the expectancy theory model (Pearson Hui, 2001). Another example of Ultimate Software using the principles of expectancy theory is the CEO’s, Scott Scherr’s leadership role (Isaac et al, 2001). Scherr adopted the principles to equip himself with tools to influence the psychological process resident in his employees. He implemented rewards systems that are uncommon. These rewards include matching 30% of employee superannuation contributions and also stock options and both are applied in an appropriate fashion to pull or influence his employees. This strategy enhances the level of personal motivation of his employees as they wish to maximize their own self interests. For example an employee who wishes to boost their retirement savings would opt for the reward scheme of matching superannuation contributions. Whilst an employee who wishes to boost their immediate wealth, or even just considers investing to be of value, would opt for stock options. In applying a strong leadership style Scherr has created an environment within his company that inspires his employees to achieve a level of performance that meets the company expectations, and even perhaps exceed the employees own personal expectations. This has been achieved through Scherr consciously choosing a leadership strategy that pulls rather than pushes  (Isaac et al, 2001). The positive implications of using a motivational model such as expectancy theory include reduced employee turnover, improved morale and higher productivity (Pearson Hui, 2001). For Ultimate Software this has resulted in the company obtaining the title of best medium company to work for in America.

Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë | Analysis

Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà « | Analysis Charlotte Bronte was born at Thornton, Yorkshire, in 1816, the third child of Patrick Bronte and Maria Branwell. Mrs Bronte died in 1821 and Charlotte, her four sisters, Maria, Elizabeth, Emily and Anne, and her brother Branwell were left under the care of their aunt, Elizabeth Branwell. In 1824 Charlotte went to a school for daughters of the clergy with Maria, Elizabeth and Emily. Maria and Elizabeth died in the same years and Charlotte attributed their deaths to the ill management of the school. Her experiences there are fictionalised in the Lowood section of Jane Eyre. From 1831 to 1832, Charlotte was at Miss Woolers school at Roehead, where she returned as a teacher in 1835, remaining there for three years. She wrote three other novels, Shirley (1849), Villette (1853) and The Professor (1857). She was then married to her fathers curate, Arthur Bell Nicholls, but unfortunately died in 1854.(Berg 4) Jane Eyre, her first published novel, has been called feminine because of the romanticism and deeply felt emotions of the heroine-narrator. The story is mainly about a girl, who refuses to be placed in the traditional female position, who disagrees with her superiors, who stands up for her rights, who ventures creative thoughts. However more importantly, Bronte sets Jane as the narrator to comment on the role of women in the society and the greater constraint experienced by them. The feminine emotions are often found in Jane Eyre herself as well as in Rochester, which suggests that they possess these enduring human qualities of these emotions. (Waller) In Jane Eyre, Bronte chooses the exact point of view to suit her subject the first-person narration. The story is told entirely through the eyes of Jane Eyre. This technique enables Bronte to bring certain events to the reader with an intensity that involves the audience in the passions, feelings, and thoughts of the heroine. (McFadde n-Geber 1095) Throughout the novel Jane Eyre, Jane is used as a representation of a modern woman from today. Jane does many things which women of her time do not do. She starts reading and writing as a little girl. This is an ability that most women at the time may not possess throughout their entire lives. The biggest reason why Jane is a modern woman is because she takes matters into her own hands. She is in complete control of her life and destiny, whereas most women of that time were completely dependent on their husbands for everything. Jane Eyre represents Charlotte Bronte s idea of a modern woman because she can read, write, and she is independent. Jane starts reading and writing as a little girl in the Reeds house. Jane begged Bessie to fetch Gullivers Travels from the library, which Jane perused with delight. (28) An example that shows Jane can write is when she writes an advertisement that states she is a governess who is in need of a job at Thornfield. With earliest day, I was up: I had my advertisement written, enclosed, and directed before the bell rang to rouse the schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦nearer to my own age. (89) Finally, Charlotte Bronte shows that Jane represents a modern woman because she is independent. Unlike other women, she does not depend on a man to provide shelter and food for her because she is a modern day working woman. In the Victorian periods, it is almost impossible to find a working woman like Jane who survives on her own in a male dominated society. In Thornfield, after Jane discovers that Rochester has a wife, she reminds herself that she is an independent, modern woman and that she does not have to stay. Therefore, she refuses to become Rochesters mistress and leaves Thornfield. I were so far to forget myself and all the teaching that had ever been instilled, into me, as under any pretext, with any justification, through any temptation to become the successor of these poor girls, he would one day regard me with the same feeling which now in his mind desecrated their memory. I did not give utterance to this conviction: it was not enough to feel it. (350) Jane does not like to follow the orthodox way of doing things. She chooses to live her life her way, not the way women of her time traditionally do for she will not yield to Rochesters passion. (355) More importantly, she follows her own path and does not let Victorian traditions stop her from being a modern woman. Through out the novel, Jane is being both the protagonist and the hero and is involved in a familiar Romantic dualism the opposition between feeling and judgement, or, can also expressed, between passion and reason. (Chase 53) During the eighteenth century, the Victorians have placed great faith in bodily appearance. To the Victorians, a face and figure can reveal the inner thoughts and emotions of the individual as reliable as clothing indicates a person occupation. Therefore, a hero or heroines beauty is known as the most important aspect of his or her character among Victorian novels. (Gaskell 107) In the novel, Jane Eyre appears to be so little, so pale with features so irregular and so marked. (351) Unlike her sisters works, Charlotte Bronte deliberately creates an anti-heroine like figure, Jane Eyre and has told her sisters that they were morally wrong in making their heroines beautiful. (Chase 52) However, they reply that it is impossible to make a heroine interesting on any other terms. Her answer is a heroin as plain and as small as myself, who shall be as interesting as any of yours. (Gaskell 236) In Jane Eyre, Bronte rejects the ideal Victorian beauty and forms questions in readers mind asking, why was Janes plainness so extraordinary? (Gaskell 89) Things that are considered most attractive are Janes Quakerish black frocks and her hair, which is combed behind ears in its simplicity. Jane is a character whose interior self actually surpasses the exterior in beauty. With a typical Victorian obsession for physical appearance, Jane gives many descriptions of herself. She is often painful aware of the deficiencies of her physical appearance in the earliest chapters of her autobiography, saying that she is the strange little figure there . . . with a white face and arms specking the gloomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (21) The importance of female beauty is nicely summed up by Miss Abbot, a servant at Gateshead, If she were a nice, pretty child, one might compassionate her forlornness; but one really cannot care for such a little toad as that (34). As an adult, Jane is somewhat resigned to her pl ainness but she is still inspired by the ideal Victorian beauty by saying, I ever wished to look as well as I could, and to please as much as my want of beauty would permit. I sometimes regretted that I was not handsomer: I sometimes wished to have rosy cheeks, a straight nose, and a small cherry mouth: I desired to be tall, stately, and finely developed in figure; I felt it a misfortune that I was so little, so pale, and had features so irregular and marked. (11) Rochesters lover, Blanche Ingram on the other hand, is completely opposite of Jane. Despite her charming looks, Blanche is the Man-destroying woman; frequently and quite naturally presented as handsome, but their beauty has a peculiar quality . . . although they usually exhibit astounding beauty, it is really abrupt masculinity that characterises these conventional types. (195) Although Ingram has outward charms, she is not good natured, in fact she is rather shallow and even greedy. (Massey) Like Blanche Ingram, Berth Mason competes and contrasts with Jane physically. Although Jane knows her only as a mad, frightening beast, Bertha is considered quite a beauty in her youth. She is the boast of Spanish Town for her beauty (343) and she has a tall, dark, and majestic figure. During that time, Berthas beauty has blinded the young and na ve, Rochester. He is fooled by both Berthas and Ingrams attractive appearances. Therefore, it is no wonder Rochester is drawn to his small, plain, simp le governess. The constant importance of Janes plainness is evidenced in Rochesters unromantic marriage proposal. (Mason) You poor and obscure, and small and plain as you are I entreat you to accept me as a husband. (286) Then, he wants the world to think Jane as beautiful as he does, which is impossible. Jane refuses to think the same by saying, No, no sir! Think of other subjects, and speak of other things, and in another strain. Dont address me as if I were a beauty; I am your plain Quakerish governess. (291) However, Rochester forces his own opinion upon her by saying You are a beauty in my eyes; and a beauty just after the desire of my heart delicate and aerial. I will make the world acknowledge you a beauty too. I will attire my Jane in satin and lace, and she shall have roses in her hair; and I will cover the head I love best with a priceless veil. (291) Rochesters blindness is the ultimate symbol of the unimportance of physical beauty. (Massey) His blindness allows Jane and him to attain an almost neoplatonic relationship, based on something far greater than outward beauty. Jane is a plain beauty and Rochester is the similarly oxymoronic noble savage. (Mason) Their relationship will surely be a long one because it is not based on external appearances that will eventually fade. True beauty is in the eye of the gazer, is the moral of Brontes tale. She is very successful in making an interesting plain heroine because of her lack of beauty, not despite it. The constant use of fire imagery and many of the metaphors use in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre express two things which could not be expressed openly in the Victorian Period passion and sexuality. (Sng) Brontes writing is dictated by the morals of her society, but her ideas are not. However, Bronte knows that if she is going to write about these two things directly, her book will probably be rejected. Therefore, Bronte creates Jane. The psychology of passion has become one of the novels most dominant themes. Passion has become centrally focused on self-control, female sexuality, and Berthas insanity through use of fire imagery. The use of fire imagery brings reader to the contradictions that Victorian women want to fulfil their passionate needs but at the same time have to keep a sense of self-control. (Sng) In the novel, Jane keeps these feelings and passions strictly deep inside, not wanting to give in to the fire she feels inside. Bronte then creates fire and uses these fire image ries to illustrate the way in which Jane deals this struggle. Jane also demonstrates the way in which she internalised her feelings of opposing ideas and the dealing of loss of self-control. (Koh) As a child, Jane becomes the symbol that Victorian society grows to fear. She has not only been the passionate child but has also become the frenzied woman. In the Victorian psychology, Jane is seen as a girl, who contains sexuality and passion. After Jane is locked up in the red room, her view on the environment totally changes. With its deadly and bloody connotations, its Freudian wealth of secret compartments, wardrobes, drawers, and jewel chest, the red-room has strong associations with the adult female body. (Showalter 69) Mrs. Reed is a widow, who imprisons Jane with ostracism at Gateshead, where Jane is forbidden to eat, play, or socialize with other members of the family. The obsession with the animal appetites and manifestations of the body, and the extreme revulsion from female sexuality are also articulated through one of the submerged literary allusions in the text to Gullivers Travels. (Showalter 70) This book has been one of Janes favourites but after her experience in the red-room it becomes an ominous and portentous fable. Gulliver seems no longer a clever adventurer but a most desolate wanderer in most dread and dangerous regions. (29) The scene in the red-room unmistakably echoes the flagellation ceremonies of Victorian pornography. (Showalter 71) Although Jane constantly reveals her passion later in the novel, her ability to handle these problems has grown slightly. Women at the time are not allowed to let their sexual passions known to anyone, which is similar to Janes summary of how she feels in her society when she states, A tale my imagination created . . . quickened with all of incident, life, fire, feeling, that I desired and had not had in my actual existence. (125) Jane explains that she felt all of these elements inside her but they are not a part of her reality, or in other words, are not allowed to be shown in the society. Women at that time hold back many of their feelings because societys views and morals are pushing them to do so. (Lian) The main problem with this solution is that the women will after many years of doing so, explode into chaos releasing the built up emotions they are hiding. Jane seems to fall into this pattern. She is accused of hiding her emotions and passions, which are evidenced through her interaction with Rochester and Aunt Reed. An example of concealing passions inside her is demonstrated when Aunt Reed at G ateshead asks Jane, how for nine years you could be patient and quiescent under any treatment, and in the tenth break out all fire and violence. (269) Jane falls into the category of the entanglement of self-control and the prisoner of her own passion, similar to other women in the Victorian society. After Jane discovers that she has become Rochesters mistress, she locks herself alone in her bedroom for days. The lockup of herself symbolises the locking up of her soul and passion inside herself. Rochester is expecting hot rain of tears from Jane after she is made known to the truth and he wanted them to be shed on his breast. (336) However, a white cheeked and faded eyed Jane appears in front of him without a trace of tears. (336) Throughout the novel, Rochester has his unique ways to bring out passions and love hidden inside Jane by questioning her in ways like, You dont love me, then? Consequently, Jane immediately reveals her love but still mentally torturing herself by coldly saying, I do love you (241). While Rochester brings Jane to reveal the passions inside her, St. John forces Jane to keep her self-control and destroys her ability to express her sexuality. In Janes words, whereas I am hot, and fire dissolves ice (428) is when she realises how mismatched they are and that he is not able to bring out her sexuality as a lover. This is a good example of the Victorian views, where the society wants women to obey rules by hiding their feelings. Therefore, many women are tortured by the passions and sexuality, which they felt, but were unable to express. Oppositely, Bertha is unable to hide her sexuality and is led to her destruction by jumping to death, while Thornfeild burns to the ground. She shows the potential dangers of allowing only passion to rule uncontrolled and is used to represent unleashed, untamed passion, without any reason or control. (Koh) Berthas bed-burning scene is contrasted to Janes sexual desires, which cannot be let out. Readers can constantly connect Berthas outbursts with Janes insistence on self-control. During the bed-burning scene, Bronte uses several passionate expressions to expose Janes inhibited sexuality. (Koh) When Jane enters Rochesters bedroom, Tongues of flames darted round the bed: the curtains were on fire. In the midst of blaze and vapour, Mr. Rochester lay stretched motionless, in deep sleep. (168) This enables the development of tension and passion in Janes character. As Rochester lay enveloped in tongues of flames, Jane goes to his side and tries to wake him. Jane now becomes the aggressor in this act of passion. After this doesnt work Jane fills a water-jug and extinguishes the flames. Jane has relieved Rochesters sexual desires by putting out his fire, using her water-jug, which broke during this event. Jane says, the breakage of the pitcher I had flung from my hand when I had emptied it . . . roused Mr. Rochester at last, (168) letting her have the role of aggressor and her sexuality be aroused. (Koh) Jane and Bertha are shown to have many parallels in the novel. Janes fires and Berthas blood, the red room and the attic, and Jane being referred to as a mad, the way that Bertha acts throughout the novel. (Chase 62) The way that Jane is able to hide her feelings of passion deep inside is the whole reason that Bertha is assumed to be insane by not being able to do this within herself. The ideas of self-control and the lacks of it are the reasons for the comparisons of Jane and Bertha. There are basically three types of femininity presided over the literary imagination of the 19th century: first, the diabolic outcast, and the destructive, fatal demon woman. Secondly, the domestic angel of the house, the saintly, self-sacrificing frail vessel, and thirdly a particular version of Mary Magdalene, as the penitent and redeemed sexually vain and dangerous woman, the fallen woman. (Bronfen 197) Charlotte Bronte has divided the Victorian female psyche into its extreme components of tamed and untamed, which externalizes two characters Jane Eyre and Bertha Mason. Charlotte Bronte describes Janes character and personality as a passionate, heroic and innocent individual. However, through the novel Jane learns how to control her feelings, her wild and passionate nature. From an innocent child, she grows into a person, who wish to become appreciated and loved by people. Although Jane Eyre and Bertha Mason are both oppressed by the British patriarchal system, the two women differ greatly in the ways that they accept and cope with the reality of their place in society. (Waller) Jane Eyre follows the rules. Although she initially fights against what she believes to be unfair restrictions at Gateshead, she soon discovers that rebellion carries a high price. Therefore she soon learns to modify her behaviour to conform to socially accepted standards. Bertha Mason, on the other hand, never conform to societys restrictions on womens behaviour and so she blindly breaks all of the rules. Therefore, Jane is successful in securing her desired place in society because she ultimately learns the value of conforming to the rules and operating within the context of their established structures, whereas Bertha does not conform and therefore does not survive. As an adult, Jane is a plain governess, (291) whereas Bertha is a big woman who snatched and growled like some strange wild animal but it was covered with clothing. (328) Jane is an orphan who lived in a charity school. Bertha on the other hand is the spoiled daughter of a wealthy West India merchant. Jane is modest and virginal and Bertha is a nature who is the most gross, impure and depraved. (345) Both of them have no choice but to live within the setting of the male-dominated society. In different ways, Jane and Bertha each attempt to function within society acceptable standards while still maintaining a sense of individuality. (Waller) Consequently, both women are judged and punished severely when they do not conform to societys expectations. Jane is bound to powerful or economically viable men like Uncle Reed, Rochester and St. John Rivers several times in the novel. Although it may seem that these attachments are necessary for Janes welfare, in reality they are signs of oppression. (Waller) At Gateshead, she is taken in as an orphan by her uncle. After he dies, Jane remains with his family but is unloved and unwanted. To make matters worse, she is resented by her wealthy relations, who usually enforce unjust rules that Jane has little choice but to obey. Janes rebellion brings about neither justice nor understanding, but only more harsh treatment and loneliness. She is eventually made known to the importance of conforming to social norms and by the time she becomes a teacher at Lowood, Jane no longer needs to be externally controlled by society. (Waller) However, even after she learns the value of conformity, Jane continues to experience the oppression of patriarchy. When she obtains her position as governess at Thornfield, she initially enjoys relative liberty. She is earning more money than she did at Lowood and having Mrs. Fairfax as a companion. Rochester frees Jane from the traditional class conventionalities because he relates to her as a relative social equal. (Waller) However, Janes comfortable life at Thornfield begins to change. As Rochesters feelings for her increase, his efforts in manipulating and controlling her also raises. However, Rochesters efforts to dominate Jane have become less effective as the amount of force he employs increases. Rochesters most intense attempt to control Jane is shown in his insistence that she runs away with him to the south of France, making her realise that he is leaving her no choice but to escape from him. Eventually, Jane senses that if she stays at Thornfield, Rochester will continue t o press her to enter a sexual relationship with him, something she cannot accept. (Waller) Because she loves him so, Jane fears that Rochester may succeed in wearing away her determination in leaving Thornfield. Opposing and refusing his request, Jane leaves Thornfield in a panic following her own principle. This scene demonstrates that Jane would rather give up her chance for happiness than do anything that would yield her conformity to social custom. She is convinced that maintaining a strict adherence to the rules will, in the end, help her to achieve what she want, even if that turns out to be simply social acceptance and love desires. Eventually, Janes conformance to social rules has become the defining element of her adult self. (Waller) She knows her position in the society, and although she may not always be comfortable with it, she internally controls her own behaviour and conforms to societys rules throughout the rest of her life. (Waller) Later in the novel, Bertha dies a nd Jane has finally married Rochester. As a result, Jane has now successfully established social acceptance and maintained her own self-respect. In the end, it is her conformity to the society standards that makes it possible for her to achieve her most cherished desires and goals, like being a legitimate wife of Edward Rochester and the mother of their children. (Waller) Unlike Jane, Bertha Mason is interested in neither social acceptance nor self-respect. According to Rochesters narrative, Berthas childhood experiences, which are very different from Janes, have not prepared her to operate within the framework of patriarchal society. Bertha is not taught in her childhood that non-compliance to social rules carries ultimate redemption and punishment, and consequently, she never learns the value of conforming to the expectations of others. As a child, Bertha is brought up in an atmosphere of wealth and extravagance, and is delighted in the luxuries provided by her wealthy family. Berthas father wants to marry her daughter off as quickly as possible. Rochesters father and brother are also eager to arrange the match to provide wealth for him without having to divide the family estate. Rochester is ignorant, raw, and inexperienced and is dazzled by the beautiful Bertha, who is admired by All the men in her circle. (343) However, after their hasty marriage, Rochester realises that he never lovedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦never esteemedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦nor even knew her and that he was not sure of the existence of one virtue in her natureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦neither modesty nor benevolence, nor candour, nor refinement in her mind or manners. (344) He finds her nature is totally alien to him with her cast of mind common, low, narrow, and singularly incapable of being led to anything higher, expanded to anything larger. (344) It is clear that Bertha has neither intention nor desire to operate within the structure of traditional marriage or conform to the expectations of her husband or society. Therefore, Rochester considers Berthas lusty sexual appetite as an inappropriate and devilish act, even within the framework of marriage. (Waller) As a result, Rochester locks his wife in the attic at Thornfield for he thinks that she is safely lodged in that third-story room, of whose secret inner cabinet she has now for ten years made a wild beasts den-a goblins cell. (348) As a member of the patriarchy, Rochester has the unquestionable power and authority to judge and punish Bertha. He is giving Bertha a life sentence of imprisonment for her aggressive sexuality and refusal to conform to patriarchal expectations. However, Rochesters description of Bertha and her behaviour are very different from Janes initial impression. It seems that Bertha, before her marriage with Rochester, is an enchanting lady, who is able to function within a polite society. However, after her marriage with Rochester, he starts to control Berthas behaviour by imposing patriarchal expectations and restrictions but Bertha does not comply, and rebels even further against her husbands dictatorship. Rochester is humiliated and so he avoids her completely. Rochesters increasing strength in confining Bertha leads her to the ultimately passage for escape, which also destroys Thornfield Hall. Even in death, Bertha refuses to be controlled by her husband. (Waller) Jane Eyre may seem like a fairy tale with a happy ending but by looking closely, one will find that it truly reveals the oppressed and non-oppressed thoughts of Charlotte Bronte through the use of words, sentences and characters. All these add to the strong and fascinating character of Jane and certainly proved the phrase no conformity, no survival.

Million Dollar Baby Essay examples -- Movie Film Movies Essays

Million Dollar Baby Million Dollar Baby, Clint Eastwood’s latest movie as a director has been getting more and more positive reviews recently and it is even better than Mystic River. At first glance, the film looks like another boxing-movie clichà ©. However, Eastwood has succeeded in creating a compelling and moving story about the intricate world of human relationships, the price of success and the realization of dreams. The movie explores many different subject matters. Million Dollar Baby is about friendship and respect. It is about love and it is about dreams. The main theme of the movie is the boxing career of Maggie Fitzgerald (played by Hilary Swank) - a 30-year old waitress who lives alone and barely gets by. However, she is strongly determined to become a professional boxer and this is why she seeks the help of Frankie Dunn (played by Clint Eastwood), a boxing trainer and an owner of a gym. Initially, Frankie is unwilling to train her because she is female and too old to have any chance of achieving significant accomplishments in professional boxing. However, Frankie’s friend and associate Eddie Dupris (played by Morgan Freeman), really believes in Maggie and lets her train in a corner of the gym. As time passes, Maggie’s persistence and Eddie’s pushiness finally change Frankie’s mind. This is when the true story begins. Maggie’s determination and strong will to fulfill her dream, combined with Frankie’s excellent training skills launch both of them into the professional boxing orbit where the y gloriously win battle after battle. Although the story seems like a big clichà ©, in truth, the world of Million Dollar Baby involves much more than boxing and success. Clint Eastwood treats such subject matters as love, f... ...she is happy. In general, all the actors in the movie make the audience feel what they are feeling and this is essential for the movie as the plot is deeply emotionally charged. As reviewer Sean O’Connell notes in his column at Filmcritic.com, Million Dollar Baby was expected to be â€Å"a half-baked, rushed-into-awards-season castoff by a respected filmmaker still basking in the glow of his last well-received piece†. Fortuitously, the movie has turned out to be one of the best motion pictures of the year. Once again Clint Eastwood surprises us all with his work as a film director. He gives the audience a chance to consider life from another viewpoint. The movie makes one think about what he or she has achieved in life and Maggie shows us that it is never too late to have a dream fulfilled. After all, this is why we are actually born and live: to fulfill our dreams.

Streamlining :: Norman Bel Geddes Theater Essays

Streamlining Ukrainian State Theater: Foyer - Norman Bel Geddes, Horizons Norman Bel Geddes was a Broadway stage designer turned industrial designer. During much of his life, his ideas stretched beyond the vision of most people. He encountered a lot of apprehension toward his innovative ideas, many of which never left the drawing board. Yet, Geddes' notions of "Streamlining" are important to understanding public life. Steven Heller and Louise Fili (1995) write, "[Streamlining] was at once the engine of progress and a metaphor for the fast tempo of daily life" (p. 80). To Geddes, streamlining illustrated courage: We are too much inclined to believe, because things have long been done a certain way, that that is the best way to do them. Following old grooves of thought is one method of playing safe. But it deprives one of initiative and takes too long. It sacrifices the value of the element of surprise. At times, the only thing to do is to cut loose and do the unexpected! It takes more even than imagination to be progressive. It takes vision and courage. Geddes deserves our attention because so many of his visions remain a part of our collective consciousness in the form of "semiotic phantoms" that endure the many changes that have taken place sense his age. Photo borrowed from Dannysoar's Geddes page. Norman Bel Geddes was born in Adrian, Michigan, in 1893 to a wealthy family. But, by the time he was seven, his father lost everything in the stock market and drank himself to death a few years later. Norman, his mom, and younger brother lived in poverty for the rest of his childhood. But his mother was a cultured woman and she shared her interest in the theatre and opera with her sons. Norman loved to draw and paint and his mother encouraged him (Russell, 1974, p. 8). During this time, they moved a lot. When Norman was in the ninth grade, he was expelled from school. A cartoonist who'd heard about him helped him get into the Cleveland Institute of Art. Norman also attended the Chicago Art Institute for a short time, but school really wasn't his thing. His strong interest in stage and opera grew and soon he found his niche (Russell, 1974, p.10). Geddes' most notable contribution to stage design was in lighting. Back then, the sole purpose of lighting was visibility.

The Colonization of the Philippines Essays -- Politics, External and I

Generally, textbooks, articles, and essays talk about America’s â€Å"occupation,† â€Å"supervision† or â€Å"intervention† in the Philippines. They seem to be afraid to use the word â€Å"colonization.† According to Webster’s Dictionary the definition of colonization is, â€Å"The colonial system of political government or extension of territory, by which one nation exerts political control over another nation, territory, or people, maintaining the colony in a state of dependence, its inhabitants not having the same full rights as those of the colonial power. The controlling power is typically extended thus by military force or the threat of force† (6). In his book analyzing Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, Mark Caprio makes a distinction between two different â€Å"levels† of colonialism: external and internal. He states that external colonization is what Hannah Arendt calls â€Å"overseas imperialism†¦where their indirect policy exerted minimal effort to forge political, social, or cultural bonds with the peoples under their jurisdiction† (2). Although this is the way the French colonized, the United States seem to adopt the British way of colonizing, which is Caprio’s second level of colonization or internal colonization. This is what Benedict Anderson describes as â€Å"inventing nations† (Caprio 2). It requires that the colonial power send ambassadors to impress its culture upon the colony through controlling things such as dialect, media, education, and military (Caprio 2). Caprio also mentions, â€Å"The decision to colonize, as well as the administration to administer the colonized, was based primarily on the needs and interests of the colonizer’s subject; those of the colonized object received minimal consideration† (2). Therefore, a colony serves... ...ates failed to see the Philippines as a free nation and did not provide equal rights to Filipinos, treating it as a colony. Therefore, the United States colonized the Philippines. It took the Philippines, by military force, through a three-year war. It did this, not for altruistic reasons, but for self-interest in trade and nationalism. It â€Å"exerted political control† over the Philippines by ignoring the Philippine republic and its representative at the Treaty of Paris, sending its own people to govern the Philippines, and monitoring the creation of the Philippines’ future government. Finally, the United States failed to provide equal rights to Filipinos by ignoring the Filipino government and representative at the signing of the Treaty of Paris, holding racial prejudices in dealing with Filipinos, and excluding the Filipinos from the right to the Monroe Doctrine.

Essay Notes for Horace’s Odes

Vile potabis modicis Sabinum / cantharis, Graeca quod ipse testa / conditum levi? [You will drink an inferior Sabine wine from small cups, which I put into a Greek jar having sealed it]? (Odes 1. 20. 1-3). How apt is it to describe the Odes as ‘Sabine wine in Greek jars’? Unity and design in Horace Although examples og greek lyric metre can be found in horace’s odes, the most striking parallelism perhaps is the way both collections open. ?P12: Horace the champion of aurea mediocritas? Horace shares the Hellenistic poets familiarity with many methods of arrangement and metre but he doesn’t really on any of them exclusively. Modern poetic sequence by ML Rosenthal and Sally Gall? Keat’s Odes by Helen Vendler? Horace a successful satirist and the adapter into Latin of the iambic spirit of Archilochus and Hipponax. His Odes purported to revive the Greek lyrics poets. P14 For all intents and purposes, however, lyric had been dormant for hundreds of years w hen Horace decided to transfer it to an intractable language and an alien culture. ?His odes have a diversity of metres adressees and themes – an elaborate attempt to place the does both within Horace’s oeuvre and within a larger poetic tradition.P19: Displays nine different meters and this diversity is reinforced by variation of theme and addresse. The metres establish Horace’s affliation with Greek lyric and serve to set Horace apart from that tradition. They were use by and even named after Horace’s Greek predecessors. P21: A lyric poem was a poem composed in one of the metres traditionally associated with the lyre (23) Horace himself in the last ode of this collection and in a later epistle, retrospectively defined his own poetic achievement in largely metrical terms.It is essentially an attempt to recreate the wonderful immediacy of Greek lyric but the actual conditions of performance had so changed by Horace’s time that the address often func tions as a metaphor for the reader. ?DElveloped with constant reference to Greek models. Having set the Odes apart from his pwn earlier satires and from his Greek predecessors in lyric, HOrav explores their status with reference to one other important genre, epic. P27: Horace used the conceir in his very last ode 4. 15 which disclaims any ability to write heroic epic. =When I wished to sing of wars and conquered cities, Phoebus stuck his lyre to warn me not to spread my sails on the Tyrrhenean Sea. (1-4) P34: As a literary apology, this and other recusationes ultimately go back to Callimachus’ expression of literary preferences in the prologue to his Aetia. In that work C contrasted the thundering Zeus whom he could not imitate with the restrained and restraining Apolla, the fat sheep with the thin (leptalehn) Muse Apollo. ? Traditions and Contexts in the Poetry of Horace, edd. Tony Woodman and Denis Feeney (reviewed by Charles Witke, University of Michigan). Cambridge Univer sity Press 2002.Tony Woodman likewise confront the lyric Horace with predecessors in this case Catullus and Greek lyric. Horace’e references to Aeolian or Lesbian poetry are to be contrued to include Sappho as well as Alcaeus. ?RGM Nisbet addresses detailed and learned criticism to Odes 3,21, the wine jar.? Alessandro Brachiesi (47)‘ Viewed thus, the poem is a meditation on the unique status of Rome vis-a-vis Greek culture, as well as a self reflexive utterance about the position of poetry in Roman society. ’ What does this quotation mean Clearly metaphorical. The components represent: Sabine wine symbolizes Horace’s poetry and it does this in two ways.First, wine is a good symbol for Horace’s Odes because wine is a common topic of the poems and an integral part of the Epicurean philosophy he espouses (refs). Sabine wine in particular is a country pleasure which at its mention makes comment on the relaxed country life which his philosophy endorese. Second, in this instance, juxtaposed with the Greek jars, the adjective Sabine is clearly has an identity to both Italy as a whole and more specifically to Horace’s own farm, gifted to him by Maecenas, the explicit addressee of Odes 1. 1 (refs). ‘Sabine wine’ is thus indicative both of Latin poetry and specifically Horace’s lyric poetry.In this way also, the word ‘Sabinum’ is also a form of praise to his patron Maecenas (the main theme of 1. 20) as they will be drinking the Sabine wine transferred to jars on the estate which Maecenas gave to Horace. The use of the adjective vile to describe the Sabine wine on line 1, further signifies their friendship as it demonstrates Horace’s confidence that Maecenas can rise above pomp and luxury (note modicis – they will drink from plain cups and not engraved silver) and enjoy a simple friendship – a second philosophy Horace advocates with the mention of Sabine wine. ?As David West me ntions in his ‘Text,Translation and Commentary of Horace Odes 1, it is likely that Horace uses the Greek jars ‘to improve the flavor of his ordinary local wine’ (p96). In light of this the Greek jars element of the metaphor represents Greek poetry forms – the ‘containers’ of Horace’s poetry are the lyric forms developed by Greek writers such as Sappho and Alcaeus, which he adapts, improves and pays homage to in his work.? In sum, describing Horace’s poetry as ‘Sabine wine in Greek jars’ suggests that Horace is writing a distinctive form of Latin, Horatian poetry within traditional Greek structures.This is a reading which I think has considerable validity – indeed, the manner in which Horace comments upon and plays with the link between his own poetry and his Greek predecessors is not only striking itself, but can also be seen as part of a wider literary project in the first Century BCE, as Latin authors attempt to challenge and lay claim to the forms of their Greek influences. ?Why did they say it How accurate is it? ?Horace’s philosophy on life and wine? Odes: ?Wider project bringing Greek verse into Latin literature and to show off his educated knowledge of Greek place names/literature?Odes: ? Widely acknowledged that his Greek models were x y z ? Odes: ? Horace rejects the thought, expressed succinctly by Anchises in Virgil’s Aeneid, that the Greeks do literature and the Romans are famous in war. (6. 847-53) In his long prophecy Aeneas in the underworld. excudent alii spirantia mollius aera? (credo equidem), vivos ducent de marmore vultus,? orabunt causas melius, caelique meatus? discribent radio et surgentia sidera dicent:? tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento? (hae tibi erunt artes), pacique imponere morem,? parcere subiectis et debellare superbos. Others (i. . Greeks) will beat out bronze so that it breathes in softer lines, so I indeed believe, and will bring ou t living faces from marble; they will plead their cases better, and will describe the wanderings of the heavens with the geometer’s rod and will speak of the surging stars: you, Roman, be mindful of ruling peoples with empire (these will be your arts); add civilisation to peace; spare the defeated, and war down the proud. ?Within project of 1st century literature – Virgil rewriting Homer in Latin, Lucretius writing Epicurus, Book 5 bemoans the latin language being inadequate. osmos and atomism termed in Greek. See those texts in the wider project of Augustus – big period of strife, aurea saecula – The golden age. Quinn, text and intro In the Odes it is the Greek lyric poets of the seventh century BC, especially Alcaeus, who provide the Greek model, but that model is made the vehicle of Roman themes, the attitudes expressed are those of a very distinctive personality moulded by a culture as remote from the culture of Sappho and Alcaeus as that which produc ed Virgil is remote from that of Homer.The Odes are set in the everyday life of a society which had recreated in Italy and in Latin, the ideals and cultural values of the Greek-speaking Hellenistic world. In place of simple, lyric directness of the Sappho and Alcaeus†¦ The Odes are a demonstration that poetry, which is neither didactic not ostensibly serious in tone can be the expression of a philosophy of life. The context most often is that of everyday social life in that section of urban society which had the leisure to devote itself to a life of wine, women and song. To make these themes the basis for a Roman recreation of the traditional forms of lyric..The simple, intense emotions of early Greek lyric match the simple syntactical perfection with which they are expressed and the culture of which they are a product. 1. 6? Patriotic epic praising the greatest solider of the age which includes a compliment to Augustus at the centre point of the poem. In this poem, Horace plea ds his incapacity to meet the expectations of the expectations of his patron and suggests the name of another poet who could do it better. This polite ‘recusatio’ is common in Latin and Greek literature and echoes the practise of one of Horace’s Greek lyric poet models, Callimachus (p28 in D. est) ? Trends of a recusatio 😕 – flickers of seriousness to wit. Self mockery – (potens vetat – Horace’s powerful Muse refuses but her power is only over the lyre). She/Horace know their limitations and strengths.? — contrast between sublime and slender (tenues grandia – the modest plea of incapacity and suggestion that Horace’s friend Varius could do it better).? — Parodies of the Iliad and Odyssey in the second stanza ( this is the sort of mess Horace would make of it if he were to write an epic). Epic diction also – Horace showing off his mastery. — Reference to him intending to write love poetr y in the last stanza of the battle.? 1. 6: I, Agrippa do not try to sing these things nor the heavy anger of Peleus’ son who did not know how to yield not the hourney through the sea of tricky Ulysses nor the ruthless house of Peolops, since I am too slender for grand themes while shame and the Muse who has power over the unwarlike lyre forbid me to wear out your praises and Caesar’s with my lack of talent. H rejects heroic subjects and modes on the grounds of inability.He proves his point my deliberately botching epic in his catalog of rejected topics where the divine wrath of Achilles, the (mhviv) of the Iliad is cut down to cholic stomachum and the Odysseus’ richly associative Greek epithet (polutropos) much travelled/experienced/suffering. wiley is mis translated by duplicis tricky. The 4th stanza where he seems more successful in the heroic style is is signif that his list of epic topics are posed as a question, who can sing of these? Not me. The final vers e announces convivial and erotic poetry as an alternative to these impossible heroes.? 7-20 – we sing of banquets we sing of battles carried on by maidens attacking youths with their cut nails. = heroics of a personal and private term. 1. 7 Opening lines takes the form of a priamel. ?Catalogue of Greek cities: Rhodes, Mitylene and Ephesus are three of the wealthy Greek cies which Romans would have visited while engaged in political or military duties. ?In 5-8, the focus shifts to Athens and to literature and the tone becomes sardonic. The one task of these poets is to celebrate the city.Horace talks about the Greek’s perpetuo carmine which associates these writers with writers of long old fashioned epics. Some will like Rhodes, (etc) but I prefer Tibur. This activity is defined even more precisely as the phrase carmine perpetuo is a translation of Callimachus’ aeisma dihnekes, a technical expression for long, continuous poetry. Horace is then distancing himself from such poetry and so the first part of the ode is consistent with the recusatio. (p36 unity) The olive they ostentatiously wear (praeponere) is the emblem of Athens.In the third stanza also, these cities are the homes of the leaders of the Greek expedition to Troy in the Iliad – Argos the home of Diomede, Mycenae of Agammemnon – each provided with a translation various of its stock epithet. H makes fun of long epics on Greek mythology and at writings in praise of Greek cities. Then he turns to Italy and against the Greek places famous for their temple of Artemis and shrines of Olympian Gods, Horace sets the local cults of Tibur (east of Rome in the Sabine Hills). An attempt to set Italian deities above those of the Greeks and an Italian town over the place names of Greece. One attempt to echo the desire of Augustus to reproduce the glories of Greece and to excel them. With Poetry amongst these glories, Horace endeavours to do this. =1. 7: First half of the poem reca psulates elements of the recusatio. The Catalogue of famous Greek cities of which are surpassed by the Ilatlian countryside around Tibus. Horaces interest is geographic and literary – the cities mentioned are all sites of heroic myths.? He initially denies that he will compose epic but then exploits that genre for his own purpose. 1. 6 announced a program for lyric as opposed to epic and 1. 7 and 1. which enacted that program by domesticating epic material in the service of conviva and erotica respectively. 1. 19 comes as a climax or culmination of this sequence as it reunites both lyric themes in a single poem and because it is written in the Alcaic meter. (p41) the postponement of the Alcaic to the final emphatic position in the Odes is surely honourific. UNilke so many of the odes that precede it, it makes no obvious epic allusions and reworks no epic themes for there is no longer any need to do so. The dialectiv beterrn lyric and epic that was carried out in the Parade Od es has finally been resolved. 1. 8Rome in the age of Horace was a Hellenistic city, interpenetrated by all forms of Greek culture. To ask whether a poem of part of a poem is Hellenistic or Augustan is a waste of time – by its very nature, Augustan includes Hellenistic. 1. 9 ‘four year old Sabine wine’. This ode describes the house near the mountain accompanied by a long fire – another county pleasure as is the Sabine wine. Horace uses Greek words, no where else seen in extant latin literature. When the slave in 1. 9 is called Thaliarchus, Greek for ‘lord of the feast’ the four year old wine in a two handled cup (diota), there are two clear examples of this.Horace is perhaps hinting that here in the Italian landscape with Italian wine he is enjoying a symposium, a Greek drinking party, as lyric poets such as Alcaeus onwards had done. He is theref once again claiming his place as a Roman the great lyric poets of Greece. (Fragment of Alcaeus frag 338 – p42 dw) 1. 20 Other Points of praise for Maecenas? 1. 26 ‘To sanctify this Larnia by a new lyre and by a Lesbian plectrum’. = The new strings (not the Greek lyre or the cithara but the Latin fides beside the Greek plectrum demonstrate that Horace has accommodated Greek music to Latin measures. . 32 In Ode 1. 32 Horace’ kletic poem addressed to the lyre: (he expresses his plans for his verse appealing to Apollo’s lyre for inspiration, with the expectation that they are worthy to be accompanied by Apollo’s lyre. 1) ‘age, dic, Latinum, barbite, carmen’/ ‘Lesbio primum modulate civi’ ? = 2) Reference to one of his Greek models, Alcaeus. ?= Alcaeic poetry in Sapphic metre. ?= Stanza III summarises some of Alcaeus’ subject matter (canebat Liberum – singing to Bacchus drinking songs, songs in praise of Venus’ muses and puerum, cupid – about love homo and hetero).All of which are themes tha t can easily be indentified in Horace’s Odes. Trying to identify himself as the successor of Alcaeus. 1. 38 Horace loves the simple life 3. 1 Why should I change my Sabine valley, for the heavier burden of excess wealth Thus Horace concludes by stating that he would not exchange his peaceful, if humble, Sabine valley for â€Å"the greater burden of wealth† 3. 3 I have created a monument more lasting than bronze? and loftier than the royal structure of the pyramids,? that which neither devouring rain, nor the unrestrained North Wind? ay be able to destroy nor the immeasurable? succession of years and the flight of time.? I shall not wholly die and a greater part of me? will evade Libitina [Goddess of Death]; continually I,? newly arisen, may be strengthened with ensuing praise so long  ? as the high priest climbs the Capitoline with the silent maiden.? It may be said that where the raging Aufidus roars? and where, short of water, Daunus ruled his rustic people,? power ful from a humble birth, I first brought Aeolian verse? to Italian measures. Assume the arrogance  ? sought for by those who have a claim to recognition,  ? nd with the Delphian laurel,? Melpomene, willingly crown my head. Epistles 1. 20 http://www. jstor. org/pss/638992 Horace: Odes and Epodes Edited by Michele Lowrie, Horace and the Greek Lyric Poets – Denis Feeney p202? At the end of his first odes he voices the hope that the reader of his collection would insert him into the canon of the Greek lyric bards (1. 1 and 1. 32). Alcaeus and Sappho were amongst the nine lyrics poets in the canon. (between 650 and 400 BCE)? At times, Horace’s audacity is marvellous and we cannot always be sure of the poet’s intent.Unity and design in Horace’s Odes  By Matthew S. Santirocco The Parade Odes: The Poetics of Initiation Horace’s acknowledged models, Alcaeus and Sappho composed rather early in the period. Epistle 1. 1 purports to abandon versus et cete ra ludicra ‘verses and other playthings’ (10) it is looking back to the body of lyric that preceded it. ?The nymphs, satyrs, muses and thertraditional elements of the scene point to the Greesources of Horace’s inspiration. The Lesbian lyre, Lesboum barbiton (34) further specifies these as Sappho and Alcaeus. Horace: Behind the Public Poetry. By R. 0. A.M. LYNE. Review by Ellen Oliensis (1) HONOURING HORACE Review by (2) S. J. HARRISON (ed. ): Homage to Horace. A Bimillenary Celebration. Pp. x + 380. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. Cased. R. CORTEZ TOVAR, J. C. FERNANDEZ CORTE (edd. ): Bimilenario de Horacio. (Acta Salmanticensia, Estudios Filologicos, 258. ) Pp. 431. Salamanca:E dicionesU niversidadd e Salamanca,1 994. P aper. R. O. A. M. LYNE: Horace. Behind the Public Poetry. Review: Some Recent Perspectives on Horace Author(s): David Armstrong (3) The Epodesa re treatedb y L. C. Watson, â€Å"Horace'sE podes:t he Impotence of Iambos? , which admirably discusse s the conventions of the poems' archaic and Hellenistic models-a topic which needs more study still. Margaret Hubbard contributes a piece on the Pindaric background of Epist. 1. 3 which offers among many other good things a palmary note on frigida curarumfo menta (26) as a reflection of several passages of Pindar Review – Horace Book 1 – NH (4) 204: Yet while admitting that Horace was a very literary poet the reader may think that he might get a little more credit for independence than he does here. The apparently original theme of i. and iv. 7 is attributed to Hellenistic sources which have not sur-vived. The hints of a love interest in II come, it is suggested, from a lost Greek prototype, and in the same poem Horace is not even given the credit for the Tyrrhenian waves (‘derived from some Greek commonplace'). On 13. 18 f. it is stated that ‘Horace is no doubt imitating the phraseology of some Greek poem'; and the lost Hellenistic poem is again invoked in connection with dulce loquentem (22. 24), unnecessarily, it would seem, in view of Sappho's 38v wv†¢Elaas, which of course the authors quote. 06: The opening section of the introduction provides an admirable summary of the characteristics of the Horatian ode. It deals with Horace's models and other literary influences, emphasizing his unacknowledged debt to Hellenistic poetry, in particular to Callimachus; with the different categories of ode, convivial, erotic, hymnic, political; with the various themes, Horace's own poetry, the country, friendship; with his style, prosaic and down-to-earth; and, briefly, with structure and the arrangement of the poems within the book.We are warned against interpreting the poetry in the light of preconceptions about the author's personality. Review: Recent Studies of Horace's Odes Author(s): A. J. Woodman (5) MATTHEW S. SANTIROCCO: Unity and Design in Horace's Odes. Pp. X + 251. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1986 . ?24. DAVIDH . PORTER:H orace's Poetic Journey:a. Readingo f Odes 1-3. Pp. xiv+281; 9 diagrams. Princeton University Press, 1987. ?22. PETER CONNOR: Horace's Lyric Poetry. the Force of Humour. (Ramus Monographs, 2. ) Pp. x+221. Victoria: Aureal Publications, 1987.Australian $24. S devotes most of his book to discussing all poems in Odes 1-3 in order of their appearanceT. he parade odes are programmatic neither in their metres (two of which neverr ecur) nor in their addressees (who are relatively more important than the average)t;h ey are chosen to identify H. ‘s place amongst Greek lyric predecessors (Catullusf'a vourite metre being conspicuous by its absence) and their number suggesttsh e canon of nine into which H. desires insertion (1. 1. 35 inseres). Review: D. WEST: Horace Odes I: Carpe Diem. Pp. xiii + 203. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. untitled] Author(s): F. Jones (7) t-addresseer elationshipin 1. 9, 1. 11,a nd 1. 38,t he possibler elevanceo f Octavian's sejao urney from Samos to Brundisiumt o 1. 14, and the idea that Venusi s like a strokeo f lightnining 1. 19. 9. I n this Ode W. guessest hat the wine is Sabine( p. 95) on the basis of the beginninogf the next Ode:e lsewhereh e commentso n the use of inter-poemc ontactsa t a more generlaelv el( p. 44, p. 84). The Function of Wine in Horace's Odes Author(s): Steele Commager Source: Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, Vol. 88 (1957), pp. 8-80 Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press 68: Libera vina is designated as one of the four traditional subjects of lyric poetry (A. P. 85), and it is ine's liberating effect which seems to have struck Horace most forcibly. 75: â€Å"Did Horace Woo the Muse with Wine? â€Å"‘6 Although the love affair – that with the Latin language itself – is the only one we can be sure was real, Horace seems to have neglected the poet's traditional enticement to his heavenly mistress.? =16 Such is the sub-title of an article by A. P. McKinlay, â€Å"The Wine Element in Horace,† CJ 42 (1946) 161-68, 229-36.See this article for an exhaustive treatment of the subject, and for referencest o works on specializedt opics. 79/80: Immortality is the dimension of an eternal present. Wine represents seizing of the present, a reedom from contingencies of past and future alike. 80: Wine, a verecundusB acchus (C. 1. 27. 3), promotes harmonious interchange among men: Bacchus, as god of poetry, symbolically enacts the poet's civilizing influence. Wine also represents a commitment to present life, a freedom from temporal delays: Bacchus suggests the poet's freedom from the temporal world itself, and his commitment to eternal life.Wine and the symposium by Gregson Davies (Cambridge Companion to Horace) p207-221 207: The collection of odes in Book 1 is framed by opening and closing poems that give prominence to the leitmotif of wine. Thus the dedicatory poem to his patron, Maecenas (Odes 1. 1), which presents the programme of the Odes as a whole, takes the rhetorical form of a priamel in which the climactic term features the poet-speaker’s choice of a Dionysian community of Nymphs and Satyrs dancing and singing together in a sacred grove and crowned with ivy (29–34).The main vocation championed by the speaker is the composition of lyric poetry in the tradition of Archaic Greek (Lesbian) lyric, but the setting is onsonant with the sympotic muse,since the presence of the Bacchic entourage is hardly conceivable without wine-induced ekstasis. 208: In the concluding ode of Book 1 (Odes 1. 38) Horace foregrounds the banquet wreath (corona) as an emblem for his lyric values (aesthetic and philosophical) in a dense poem that functions as a virtual thematic signature: Persicos odi, puer, apparatus, isplicent nexae philyra coronae; mitte sectari, rosa quo locorum sera moretur. simplici myrto nihil adlabores sedulus curo: neque te ministrum gregson davis dedecet myrtus, nequ e me sub arta vite bibentem. I detest Persian paraphernalia, my boy, wreaths woven on linden bark displease me; stop trying to track own those rare places where a late rose lingers on. Take care that in your zeal you work no extra ornament into the plain myrtle:myrtle is most fitting both to you, as you serve, and to me, as I drink, beneaththe dense vine.Since the last word of the poem (and the liber) is bibentem (‘drinking’), the poet leaves the reader with a self-portrayal that is clearly emblematic for the whole book. As illustrations of the former we may cite the hilarious ode addressed to the personified wine-jar (3. 21), and the short encomium of the vine (1. 18). Both of these poems operate as powerful metonymic references to the pleasures of the symposium, as their final scenes disclose – in the former case, Bacchus, Venus and the Graces are requested to be present at a prolonged symposium. 210: In the Soracte Ode (Odes 1. ) the person who controls the wi ne is given a Greek name that bespeaks his function, ‘Thaliarchus’ (‘ruler of the revels’). 211: Since the finest wines were, then as now, relatively expensive, the poet often proclaims his wish to savour the best vintages when accepting invitations to dine at the villas of the wealthy, such as his patron and friend, Maecenas. 213/14: That outlook is derived from two principal sources that coalesce in the Odes: the lyric ethos first expressed in robust form in the archaic poetry of Archilochus (and elaborated in Lesbian melic verse), and the Hellenistic philosophy of Epicureanism. 14: Horatian wisdom (sapientia and its cognates are frequent in his lyric discourse) takes the shape of an enlightened hedonism in which the spectre of mortality serves as foil for the valorisation of the pleasures of the convivial lifestyle. The ode that famously encapsulates this view of sapientia in the terse phrase, carpe diem, merits a brief analysis (Odes 1. 11): The New Nis bet-Hubbard HoraceAuthor(s): Kenneth QuinnSource: Arion, Vol. 9, No. 2/3, Horace Issue (Summer – Autumn, 1970), pp. 264-273Published by: Trustees of Boston UniversityHorace the DualityAuthor(s): Grant ShowermanSource: The Classical Journal, Vol. 6, No. 6 (Mar. , 1911), pp. 244-251Published by: The Classical Association of the Middle West and South 244: There is a Horace of ordinary Italian manners and ideals, and a Horace of the higher culture of Rome and Athens; a more natural Horace, simple and direct, and a less natural Horace, clothed upon with the artificialities of life in the capital; an unconventional and a conventional Horace. 244/245: And yet, whatever his liking for the city and its artificialities, his real nature called for the country and its simplicity.It is the Horace of Venusia and the Sabines who is the more genuine. Criticism has occasionally detected the note of affectation in some of the more formal compositions addressed to Augustus and his household; bu t the most captious critic will hesitate to bring such a charge against the odes which celebrate the life of the fields and hamlets of Italy and the prowess of its citizen soldiers of time gone by, or against the mellow epistles and lyrics in which the poet philosophizes upon the spectacle of human life. 45: The real Horace is seen with greatest distinctness when he sings of the beauty and fruitfulness of Italy. It is no land of the imagi-nation which he visualizes for us, nor yet a Homericized or a The-ocritean Italy, but the Italy of his own time, the Italy of his own birth and experience, and the Italy of today. 251: Among the results of Horace's urban experience, it is wholly natural that none should be more prominent than the influence of Hellenism upon his work.His debt to Greek literature is great. The metrical conveyance of most of his lyrics, many of the lyrics themselves, a wealth of literary ornament, much of the richness of his intellectual furnishing, and no small part of his sureness of taste and execution-all these Greece gave him, as she has given them to many others. But much of this is only a clothing upon of the real Horace by the artificial Horace of the literary coterie.There is the Hellenic Horace who experiments with Greek meter, draws heavily on Greek geography and Greek mythology, employs Greek nomenclature, stages Greek scenery, engages in labored imitation of the Homeric simile (always labored when it is not Homeric), or frankly translates and adapts Greek lyrics; and there is the more genuine Horace who employs the native trochee and iamb and the long-since naturalized hexameter, and lets Italian gods and heroes speak from Italian scenes, or in his own person discourses homely Italian wisdom, and is Greek in nothing but form even when his conveyance is sapphic or alcaic.The real Horace is an Italian poet, and a Roman. He is Italian by birth and experience, Italian in person, habit, and temperament, Italian in his love of Italy and h er life, and in his clear vision of her natural charms. He is Roman in his pride in Rome's past and present, in his faith in her destiny, and in the intimate relation of his art to life. His schoolmistress was Greece; the mother from whom he derived his powers was Italy; and his immediate inspira-tion was Rome.To call Horace Greek rather than Roman would be to be blinded to the essential by the presence of graceful form and a partial and after all not very great identity of matter. Horace's Debt to Greek LiteratureAuthor(s): W. K. SmithSource: The Classical Review, Vol. 49, No. 3 (Jul. , 1935), pp. 109-116Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association 109: Horace's imitation of Greek authors, where this imitation is conscious. 109: The state-ments, consisting often of single lines or sentences, he supposed to be trans-lated quotations from the Greek original, the comments which followed each being Horace's own.This arrangement is supported by the pre sence of several words which are obviously translations of Greek technical terms; the scholiast, in fact, quotes several of the Greek equivalents. Yet in many places the distinction between statement and comment does not seem to be definitely established; moreover a comparison with other pass-ages of Horace's works where quotations from Greek authors are out of the question shows that this method is only one of Horace's peculiarities of style. In Book I of the Epistles, for instance, a hypothetical sentence is most commonly introduced by a short statement, fter which follow the comments, also in the form of statements. 113: Since therefore Horace was compos-ing a work of the traditional Greek pattern, to the degree and in the direc-tions already discussed, its value as a practical textbook is somewhat altered, especially as some of the conditions had ceased to exist in Greece itself between the time of Aristotle and Neoptolemus, while account must be taken of the difference of circu mstances in Greece and at Rome. 113: Horace has drawn upon Greek sources. 14: The belief that the Ars Poetica was written about the same time as the First Book of the Epistles is confirmed by many similarities2 of tone and subject, such as the references to Homer, including paraphrases in both of the opening lines of the Odyssey. The most important passage to be con-sidered in this connection is the auto-biographical opening of the first epistle of the book, especially lines 10-12 : nunc itaque et uersus et cetera ludicra pono; quid uerum atque decens curo et rogo et omnis in hoc sum: condo et compono quae mox depromere possim. 14: It will be remembered that Quintilian draws a distinction be-tween Horace and Catullus, because, whereas the latter was a writer of simple iambi, Horace was a writer of iambi with the short line, the epodos, inter-vening. To each genre was attached the name of its Evbpe7r , the inventor, or the poet who first gained distinction in that mode. Among Latin w riters the same claim is made by those who first used the mode in Latin literature. Horace himself claims to be in Latin literature the ebperTrSo f Parian iambics,5 in the Epodes, and of Aeolian song,† in the Odes.In the latter case, the two Sapphic poems of Catullus are disre-garded. The second ode of the Fourth Book seems to show that he had con-templated the possibilities of becoming the Roman Pindar, but had wisely re-cognized that the task was beyond him, and, following his own precept,7 shouldered the load he could carry. = 4 A. P. 73 seq. SEh. I, 19, 23. 6 Od. III, 30, 13, and 3E. I, 19, 32. SA. P. 38. * v. 6o. 9 Sat. I, 1o, I9. 115: Horace's favourite method of utilizing Greek originals appears to consist of starting a poem with a line or two of translation, forming as it were a text, and then adding a Roman setting.Examples of this are to be seen in Odes, I, 18 and 37. In each case the opening words are borrowed from Alcaeus, with whose general out-look Horace can hav e had little sym-pathy. The advice just quoted does not evi-dently apply to single words and phrases; ‘uerbo uerbum reddere' would be a just description of his method of taking over several Greek compound epithets, such as 4peetaviq, which he renders by ‘bello furiosa ‘,3 and r-roXvdovvto9,wh ich becomes ‘multi nominis ‘. 4 Further, he claims for his generation the privilege formerly conceded of taking over actual Greek words, provided they are ‘parce detorta ‘. Several grammatical and syntactical usages also are ascribed usually to this kind of imitation. Most of the Greek lyric writers seem to have been imitated by Horace in the Odes, and no doubt, if a larger portion of their works had survived, the sources of many more themes would be identi-fied. Such was Horace's familiarity with Greek literature that he had almost decided himself to write poems in Greek, had not Quirinus-or his common sense-dissuaded him. 6 Whereas in the Odes we are consider-ing a case of imitation direct of the Greek authors. = 3 Od. II, I6, 5. SOd. III, 9, 7. 6 A. P. 3. 6 Sat. 1, 1o, 31. 116: The ancients in general considered that, so far from a poet being better for originality of subject matter, usually imitation led to the display of greater creative skill. Finally, there is in Horace some of the same nationalistic spirit which is found in the introductions to Cicero's philosophical works. Just as Cicero believed that most of the subjects treated in Greek could be handled equally well in Latin, so Horace felt that his countrymen were in many spheres of writing as fully endowed with talent as the Greeks, if only they would use their talent well.Study of Greek methods would show how they could be equalle! : in their own fields. Horace and His BimillenniumAuthor(s): Willis A. EllisSource: The Classical Journal, Vol. 28, No. 9 (Jun. , 1933), pp. 643-656Published by: The Classical Association of the Middle West and South 646: And Horace, like Vergil, takes us to the country. Vergil sings – and sings beautifully – of the farmer's life, but he has not the personal touch of Horace. Horace is himself a part of his country scenes.We cannot think of the Sabine farm without thinking of him. 647: To his friend Quinctius he describes his farm in some detail and with evident pride and fondness, but his feeling for it he best sums up in the words addressed to his caretaker – â€Å"the little farm which makes me myself again. † 649: If I should name my favorites, my list would be very much like other lists made by admirers of the poet. He has borrowed the Greek measures, he has borrowed Greek decoration, but the poems are Roman. The Greek Muse speaks Latin. 56: Whatever his weaknesses or shortcomings, Horace had quali-ties that compel our admiration. â€Å"On some Greek Lyrical Metres;† Professor Malden. Transactions of the Philological Society Volume 1, Issue 1, pages 10–28, January 1854 ht tp://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1467-968X. 1854. tb00764. x/abstract The first line of Horace's Ode to Varus is a mere translation of a line of Azcseus in the same metre, pq8hv ;no +uret;qq rrp6repov 8&8peov & p d h . Horace fully exploited the metrical possibilities offered to him by Greek lyric verse. Bibliography: