Cultural Tourism in Nigeria

INDIVIDUAL ESSAY Essay Title Cultural tourism fiestas and events in Nigeria Name Deborah Vincentsdaughter skirt OF CONTENTS Contents INTRODUCTION3 Cultural tourism3 LITERATURE polish4 Festivals and events4 Cultural fiestas in Nigeria5 Festivals and impacts6 Igue festival6 New yam Festival (Iri ji Ohuru/iwa ji7 Gbagyi Gbodogun8 CRITICAL ANALYSIS11 CONCLUSION11 REFERENCES12 INTRODUCTION tourism generally has to do a lot with social activities. A typical mannikin is the adventure tourism which is a type of tourism that provides an opportunity for people to challenge constitution and everything about it.This type of tourism provides opportunities for activities such as Hand gliding and Para sailing which ar grouped under hard adventure speckle hot sports and wild life atomic number 18 grouped under soft adventure. The chambers dictionary has defined tourism as the events of phaetons and those who make it available for them. Tourism as defined in a book says that it is the study of how good human bes can cope when they are away from their normal habitats, of the sedulousness that diddle his needs and lastly of the impacts that both he and the industry arouse on the hosts in such ways sociocultural, economic and physical environments. Jafari 1977) get information from an another(prenominal)(prenominal) book about tourism, differences in the definitions of tourism could be traced to the following admittancees Economic, technical and holistic. 1. Economic definitions emphasizes on the business area of tourism, but if it were to be criticized by leiper(1979) that it fails to even discuss about the tourist and his motivations or limitations in travelling. 2. Technical approach to the definition of tourism aims at mainly the g everyplacenments and the tourism industry organizations that want to monitor the size and other important issues about tourists markets. . In 1942 holistic type defined tourism as the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising f rom the travel and bridle of non-residents, in so far as they dont lead to permanent residence are not connected to any earning activity. Cultural tourism Cultural tourism is a part of tourism. This part of tourism is an activity in which a particular group of people in a defined area present their herit eld or cultural assets for tourists to see and appreaciate.The UNWTO(united nations human race tourism organization) produced two definitions based on two approaches which are * The narrow definition-derived from the professional, product-based approach to defining cultural tourism. This definition includes movement of persons for basically cultural motivations such as study tours, performing arts, cultural tours, travel to festivals and so many other cultural events, visits to sites, travel to study nature, syndicatelore and pilgrimages(Richards 199622) * The wide definition-is based on conceptual, process-based approach.Has to do with the migration of persons because they sat isfy the human need for diversity, tending to raise the cultural level of the several(prenominal) and giving rise to new knowledge, experience and encounters(Richards 199622) Cultural tourism involves four elements according to my research and they are as follows * Tourism * Use of cultural heritage assets * Consumption of experiences and products * The tourist(cultural tourists) According to ICOMOS (International council on monuments and sites) observed that cultural tourism means many things to many people and herein its strengths and weaknesses.This part of tourism is besides known as a form of special tourism where acculturation plays the role of either attr playing tourists or motivating people to travel (McIntosh and Goeldner 1992 Zeppel 1992 Ap 1992). LITERATURE REVIEW Festivals and events In this section, festivals and events in Nigeria will be discussed fully and their impacts analysed. It will be wise to discuss what festivals are all about first before expiry on to ot her things.Festivals are an important expression of human activity that contribute much to our social and cultural life and that they are also progressively linked to generating business activity and providing income for their host communities(Ellen et all 2002). In some cases festivals are not observed with the motive of attracting tourists, their nature,destination,range of performers and productions in one place over a short period of cartridge clip ,comm however in the summer months, encourages viewers(people) far and near/all over to come. They can take many forms, eg. music-rock, pop, jazz and folk types of music.There are also wine and cultural festivals. EVENTS INDUSTRY-this is an industry where festivals are grouped under. Cultural festivals in Nigeria Nigeria has so many festivals that have been in existence since the time of our ancestors, until the arrival of different religions as we have today but still yet festivals are taken as important occasion. Local festivals i n Nigeria have a lot to do with different events such as harvest festivals, betrothal festivals, crowning of a new chief and funerals. Today the western world and system has influenced our local festivals eg. ances that were performed by members of each village have now been transferred unknowingly to proffesionals. This country is rich in divers festivals which includes * Egungun festival celebrated in Ijebu ode town of ogun state in May. * Odum festival celebrated by the ijaws of okirika in Benue state. Normally done in the month of April. * Barakau normally celebrated with animal sacrifices by the Fika people of Potiskun in yobe state. Done in July. * Nduku festival is known to be celebrated by the people of Ogume in Ndokwa local government area of Delta state. It is a November festival. * Igue estival this one is celebrated by the benis of Edo state in the month December. * New yam festival is done generally by the Ibos in Nigeria in the month of August. * Gbagyi gbodogun takes place in Gadabuke village and celebrated by the agadabukeyis (natives of the village) in toto local government area in Nasarawa state. lots observed at the end of the year November/December. * Oro festival is a tradional annual Yoruba event usually observed in the month of July. Among all these festivals listed out and summarized briefly, only three of them will be discussed and their impact as well in the next section.The local festivals are 1. The Igue festival 2. New yam festival(Iri ji ohuru/iwa ji) 3. Gbagyi Gbodogun Festivals and impacts Igue festival is the one am going to be discussing about first. It is done in the ancient city of the Benin kingdom, Benin located in Edo state in the gray part of Nigeria and takes place in the month of December. It marks the anniversary of the death of the past obas in Bini Kingdom. Igue festival usually goes on for seven days, and then on the seventh day, the conclusion is now celebrated. Sacrifices and offerings are made to the gods, son gs are also sung along during the period.The sacrifices offered are primarily used to pluckse the land, so that it becomes clean enough for the gods to be appealed. The people baffling are the oba (king) of the Benin kingdom, his chiefs, subjects and the Benis of Benin, Edo state. In the past, their practices used to be sacrificing human beings for cleansing of the land to the gods until the present Oba Erediauwa came into power and stop it. Presently such things dont take place in the festival again, though sacrifices are being made, humans are no long-range sacrificed, rather with animals for example goat.Apart from these, the Benis practice so many other things while celebrating the Igue festival which includes the chiefs dressing in their finest impostal attires, joining the oba in songs and dances, by see Ugie Ewere. They do this with the Eben Emblem. Masquerades also perform the local dances to make the audience. While the festival is still on, all the Ihogbe presents sy mbolic Ewere leaves to the Oba. As the festival is celebrated yearly, the Oba celebrates Ugie Ewere (the anniversary of his marriage to Ewere some years back).The Bini people also use the festival as an opportunity for offering thanks to the gods for sparing their lives and request for more blessings. Public holidays are always given, and people are told not to move for that period of time. Impacts of igue festival The igue festival leaves its impacts in the lives of the Benin Edo people in these ways * Economically on that point are more activities in the area. For example a lot of people engage themselves in buying and selling in preparation of the event. * socially the festival creates a good publicity and image for the area. Eg. he people who come for the festival may want to re-visit the place, not just for a particular argue but to have a feeling of the environment. * Geographically as people come from other tribes to witness the event, it gives the community an opportunit y to be developed and supports environmental enhancement. New yam Festival (Iri ji Ohuru/iwa ji) to eat a new yam/to break a new yam, that is what the words written in another language called Ibo means. Most times it depends on the village, but it is normally celebrated in the market place, where the god of the community/village is kept.The Iwa ji festival (new yam festival) is celebrated in the month of August. This festival, is all about celebrating a new yam(which is one of the most important food and first crop to be harvested in the eastern region) Old yams are brought out and discarded/consumed and the breaking of the new yam follows, it is usually done by the Igwe(king) or the chief priest depending on the destination, The people involved are the members of the village, chiefs or elders of the village, chief priest and the Igwe.In order for the festival to be a successful one, so many practices are involved which includes sacrifices are made to the gods, to appease and thank them for fruitfulness, before the festival begins this is usually done by the chief priest(it is believed that their positions bestows the privilege of being intermediaries in the midst of the gods and their community),they come with the biggest coat yam for the festival, because it shows the amount of abundant fruitfulness including dishes served.Old yams are discarded or consumed in order to pave way for the new ones, Masquerades are invited to perform and entertain people, traditional gunshots announces the opening of the ceremony at times, children are being cleansed with rituals (ima cha ahu-to clean the body) because they spirit that before a person takes in anything new, it is important to cleanse the body. This belief is popular among the Easterners. Most times the yam dishes are shared between friends and well-wishers in order to enjoy and celebrate with them.Sons and daughters of the Ibo community come back firm from wherever they are in the world. Late Dim chukwuebuka Odumegwu Ojukwu described the events as the most igbo of Igbo events, because it clearly shows the culture of the Ibos. Impacts of the new yam festival This festival impacts on lives of the locals of the eastern region in Nigeria, and they are Positive impacts * Culturally it strengthens the bond of the Igbos (the relationship). it reminds people of how love and unity existed and reigned among them before the civil war in the east. Socially so many people feel happy during and after the event, because it brings their loved ones (sons and daughters) from far and near. For example Grandparents will be happy to see their children and grandchildren. * Economically it yields the locals so much money, after they are done buying and selling. A good example for this is-people who were present at the occasion taste the yam, and would want to buy more maybe to take home or for many other reasons. Negative impacts * Culturally sometimes people are being used for sacrifices to the gods all in the name of tradition or preserving the culture.In addition, so many individuals get initiated into cults or fraternities which they never planned for. These initiations could be traced to the cleansing and sacrifices to the gods. Also People are being initiated into so many things. This happens because of the cleansing, sacrifices and others not mentioned. Gbagyi Gbodogunthe event takes place in northern part of Nigeria. it is being observed by the agadabukeyis or the Gwari people of Gadabuke village in toto local government area,in Nasarawa state. It is celebrated annually at he end of the year November/December. The festival is all about cultural values and tradition all showcasing with little sacrifices because religion has dominated tradition today. It helps to make the young ones get to know more about their customs and traditions. The people involved are the king, chiefs, governors, advocates and the villagers. Traditional dances, masquerades also display-the dance called Daw iya(the native name),their local or cultural food is being displayed and served as well by name Zhepo.Martial arts, like the traditional martial arts are being done also,magics such as pounding a tuber of yam on a person, and it is not painful(odi e shi-which means it is not painful in a language called Igbo),cutting an individual with a very sharp knife and it doesnt hurt, eating razor brand and it doesnt cut the persons mouth, pouring water into a basket and it does not lick. They normally drink palm wine, and the local food Zhepo with something to go with it. for example, garden glob soup and ponded yam.Ceremonial cleansing is being done also before the festival, traditional wears are being worn and they are called Ajesinda. This is the local food called Zhepo The Zhepo and garden bollock soup mixed together Impacts of Gbagyi gbodogun Positive impacts The festival effects the locals in so many ways, a few of them are * Socially it is exciting for example when people watch the masquerades dance and the magicians act, it is pleasing to the eye and heart at times. Fun people get to enjoy themselves while celebrating the festival. eg. he people acting as masquerades find it interesting scaring people (when they run, because of fear), the traditional dancers also have fun while performing at the festival. * Culturally it awakens the gbagyi people about their culture for them to remember, to preserve, conserve and leave the culture Authentic just the way it has always been from the first days, if not because of science and technology or the 21st century age that came in and has really impacted into it. Negative impacts * Socially the festival reunites the Gwari people. For example Gbagyi eople come together from far and near to celebrate, and through this, people get to stomach new individuals. * Culturally youths try stupid things. Eg. they go home and practice what they have seen the magicians do at the festival just to know if it true or not. At times they aspire to be magicians and have magical powers to do whatever they wished to do. CRITICAL ANALYSIS A. Is it fair for human beings to be killed all in the name of preserving culture? For example in the Igue festival human beings were being sacrificed to appease the gods.I personally believe that, no human being should be killed shut the person has committed any crime punishable according to law and order. B. Can a festival be authentic, even after the foreign tourists impacts on them? Most at times, when foreigners grace these local events, they tend to introduce the western system to the locals who accept it and put it into practice. It takes a person who is by rights educated and learned to know how to preserve their culture despite the influence of the foreign tourists. CONCLUSIONIn a nutshell, Even if Nigeria is rich in cultural festivals, there are some practices that are not supposed to be sustained anymore and there are some that are meant to be preserved and maintained. Fo r example, sacrificing of human beings. On the other hand, it is good for foreign tourists to come for the events and educate the locals more about festivals, but the locals also need to be educated on how to preserve their culture. REFERENCES http//emeagwali. com/nigeria/ culinary art/igbo-new-yam-festival. html Robertico Rosendo croes. (2000), Anatomy of demand in international tourism, a case study of Aruba, Van Gorcum. ihttp//www. nasarawastatetourism. com/events/GbagyiGbogun. html Bob Mckercher, Hilary du cros. (2002), cultural tourism the partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management, U. S. A. the Haworth hospitality press. http//nigerianartatoyasaf. blogspot. com/2012/02/in-benin-igue-festival-2011-c elebrates. html Peter Robinson, Sine hietmann, peter Dieke. (2011), Research themes for tourism, UK, CAB international. http//www. onlinenigeria. com/festivals/? blurb=471 Milena Ivanovic. (2008), Cultural tourism, Cape Town, South Africa, Juta & company. ltd. ICOM OS AND UNWTO.

Odysseus and Aeneus: Travels to the Dark Side Essay

Ancient Greeces Odysseus from Homers The Odyssey and ancient troy weights Aeneus from Virgils The Aeneid ar twain heroes who struggle with identity and purpose, and these identities and purposes are tied up into the concepts and symbolism revolving around distaff versus virile and pagan versus Christian-like checks. In comparing Odysseus travel to the under humankind and Aeneus decent to the bolt d aver of the numb(p), integrity pot relate these journeys to the main philosophical plots of some(prenominal) works of ancient literature.Although some(prenominal) men return from underworld alive, the two mens initial approaches to the dead are slightly different, Odysseus performing sacrifices at the commission of the female goddess Circe and Aeneus praying to the male God Appollo and led to the gates by the priestess Sybil. The variance in how the heroes enter the center worlds lends significant insight into how their experiences in the underworld play out and mirror the e ntire themes of both tales.The heroes experiences with the dead are not unlike the major plots of both works, Odysseus focusing to a greater extent on a happy return to his wife and Aeneus c ingress more on a successful honoring of God and country. The more mortal, pagan, and female experiences of Odysseus journey contrast to the more unceasing, Christian-like, and male voyage of Aeneus. A main difference in the drive of the two men is that Odysseus is driven by the recommendations of the Goddess Circe and Aeneus is empowered by the guidance of the God Appolo. present one can see the divine gender differences and the contrast of abiding by the rule of an immortal woman or the power of an immortal man. Leadership positions are of great significance in The Odyssey and The Aeneid, because Ithaca and Troy were in bitter contends for power and influence during this time. In calling attention to modern day Christian theology, it can be stated that perhaps Aeneus displays the most lea dership capacity, given that he takes heed of the influence of male shapes.However, in refuting modern day Christian mentality, one can suppose that Odysseus may be correct in placing his trust and ability to be guided in the hands of a woman, pass judgment the idea of womanly power and the distaff energy which can be useful to and benefit male figures. The fact that the tale of Odysseus was born several hundred years before Christian theology contrasts with the novel of Aeneus, written only a couple decades before Christs birth, on the cusp of Christian influence.The communication of the ghosts to both heroes gives insight to the similarities and differences of their experiences in the underworlds. At the River of Ocean in the land of the Cimmerians, the drifts themselves hail to Odysseus, giving him a more rooted or female positioning, Elpenor one of the first to greet Odysseus, begging him to return to Circes island and give him a proper burial. In Dis, the land of the dea d, Charon delivers souls to Aeneus from across the river Acheron, and Sybil explains to Aeneus that the souls of the dead mustiness remain on the other bank.However, upon showing his golden branch, Aeneus is subject to be ferried across and he moves into the underworld, granting him an entering and more male positioning. Further communication with the spirits reveal to both men the end goals or purposes of their expeditions. For Odysseus, in the counsel of the ghost prophet Tiresias, he is informed that the Achaeans are being punished by Poseidon for the blinding of his son Polyphemus and foresees that Odysseus will have a successful journey culminating in the return to his wife, the proscription of her eager suitors, and the future engagement in another trip to appease Poseidon.The goal for Aeneus is also revealed in the land of the dead by the spirit of his father Anchesis, that Romulus will found Rome, a Caesar will eventually come from the line of Ascanius, and Rome will r to each one a Golden Age of rule all over the world. Here, one notes that for Odysseus, a return to Penelope is a large part of his purpose, while Aeneus appears to be on a mission revolving fighting solely for the fatherland. The relative physical nearness of Odysseus to the spirits contrasts the distance of Aeneus to the ghosts they both encounter, Odysseus seemingly swarmed by the souls and Aeneus travelling to the spirits throughout Hades.The shades of the dead are immediately able to interact with and influence Odysseus, while Aeneus is separated from the spirits by the river and must be shuttled across by the gate keeper, Charon. Also, the concept of levels of purgatory is not readily apparent in Odysseus experience in the underworld, while Aeneus experiences the question through stages of Hell, from the suicide victims in the Fields of Mourning to the innocent spirits in the Blessed Groves. angiotensin-converting enzyme can distinguish between the more ancient belief of Odyss eus being directly submerged with the spirit world, souls coming to him directly, and Aeneus more Christian-like orientation of being classified in steps away from the divine or away from eternal joy according to the level of preoccupation with sin and death, journeying through the diverse areas of what could be termed a kind of purgatory in Hell, perhaps just short of divine life or mortality in Heaven.Two former soldier spirits communicate to the men that they would like to be buried properly, which serves to align the tales of Odysseus and Aeneus more closely together. Both Elpenors plea to Odysseus and Aeneus spotting of Palinurus at heart the area for spirits having received improper burials bring sadness to the hearts of the heroes, perhaps knowing that the deceased did not receive the most appropriate and respectful honor from them.The quick and dirty nature of battle is called to mind for both of the men as they express regret at their ineffectiveness in having stipendia ry proper respects to their lost friends. Here, Odysseus and Aeneus are seen as more similar, both either guilty or saddened by the lost chance to truly honor the dead at the time of their passing. This experience serves for both men a time of self reflection on their own actions, deliberating on whether or not they had made the right choices and calling to mind the concepts of sin and regret due to possibly mistaken actions.In comparing Odysseus spousal to Penelope to Aeneus sighting of Dido in the land of the dead, one is struck by the sapiently contrast in the mens relationships with women. While Odysseus is faithful to Penelope and keeps her as a thrust force in his quest, a goal and trea certainly to which he wants to return and underpin, Aeneus is shocked by seeing his former love in the Fields of Mourning, having killed herself and married a ghost in the afterlife. Aeneus incapacity at sustaining a relationship is a very important point to consider in the comparison of bo th heroes.Perhaps Odysseus clinging to the more female part of existence and divine life lends power to his ability to champion his marriage together, giving obligate and honor to the idea of family life. Although both men are soldiers on journeys to defend their home countries, Odysseus does not make the complete break from home in the way that Aeneus does. The splitting of Aeneus and Dido is a deep and telling fracture which can lend insight into the Trojan way of thinking regarding marriage and family.In this way, Aeneus masculinity works once against him in that he is effectively separated from romantic love, and Odysseus pact with the feminine keeps him bound closer to family and home life. Also restoreing on the concept of family members as they relate to gender differences is the fact that Odysseus is visited by his mother in the underworld and Aeneus seeks out his father. The coming of Odysseus mother Anticleia is again a more female orientation visitation and perhaps an other impetus for Odysseus to return home to his wife Penelope, as his mother confesses to have died of grief in waiting for his return to Ithaca.Aeneus colloquy with his father is again a more male oriented fundamental interaction. Anchises explains how the spirits move about in Dis, illustrating more understandably the Christian-like concept of purgatory and gaining insight on how the ghosts are able to reach the Fields of Gladness, as well as gaining insight on the future role of Trojans in Rome and the expansion of the Roman Empire, lending support to the ideas of hierarchy and patriarchy.In paying attention to the sensation of what it was like to have been in the two underworlds, one notes that the experience of the souls in Odysseus underworld is nothing less than suffering and that the experience of the spirits in Aeneus land of the dead is more variable, some suffering and some happiness. Odysseus departure from the underworld in being swarmed by the souls is one of fright and fleeing, while Aeneus leaves the land of the dead courageously.The distaste which Odysseus holds for the dead ghosts is apparent, and he expresses the fact that he wants nothing to do with knowledge of the dead. The encounter with his mother Anticleia may have also invoked fear in Odysseus that his wife Penelope may also surrender to sadness and death. Aeneus is more curious of the afterlife, the verifying aspects and ostracize aspects being grouped separately, and he demonstrates a rely to learn about now to gain gate to the nicer areas of the spirit world.The energy he receives from the encouraging conversation with his father regarding the positive aspects of purgatory and the future goal of his win in Italy enables Aeneus to leave his visit to the land of the dead with confidence. The notions of judgment and peace are also themes in Odysseus and Aeneus visits to the afterworld. In Odysseus underworld experience, the dead are not really judged, yet they are all unhappy. In this case, in that respect is no peace for the dead and no judgment of death other than a disconfirming one.To Odysseus, the underworld is black and unfortunate place, hopefully avoidable, yet certainly not avoidable for Odysseus given his own mortality. There is a blanketed negativity in Odysseus concept of the afterlife, no room for positive judgment and no room for peace. However, in looking at Aeneus experience in the land of the dead, one notes that there are various judgments of the spirits and various areas of suffering and bliss, correlating to the judgment of their life choices before death, Minos handing out judgments to the recently deceased.Although there are suffering souls, there are also ghosts who enjoy happiness and peace in the afterlife, concepts resembling the purgatory of Christianity during this pre-Christian area. In Aeneus experience, one is able to glean a sense of hopefulness from the spiritual world, while Odysseus encounter with the dead is in gener al frightful and perhaps even unhelpful. These two experiences can be viewed in two ways.Perhaps it is positive that Aeneus sees joy in death, granting him extra courage to face the afterlife, however, perhaps this makes Aeneus closer to death, while Odysseus may be made safer by aiming to avoid death completely. In considering the two men and their two tales, it is illuminating to involve the two midpoint travels of the heroes into the underworlds. Odysseus as a hero is somewhat more woman led, depending on Circe, interaction with his mother, and yearnings for Penelope, and this thread of female orientation is present throughout Odysseus journey.He is even warned by Tiresias to not touch the flocks of the sun, a metaphor which rings a sense of warning to resist the urge of being likewise male oriented. Odysseus fear of death can be viewed in two different ways. Perhaps he is cowardly, or perhaps he is more attached to life and desires to be in the land of the living. Odysseus des ire to return to Ithaca and reclaim his wife Penelope is always a drawing factor, and Odysseus flight from the spirit world may simply correlate to his desire to return home to his family.The hero Aeneus is more man led, valuing the prayers to Appollo, the conversation with his father, and let go of his woman Dido, placing the voyage and battle ahead of his family life, remaining more male oriented. The letting go of his relationship with Dido and her subsequent death supports the idea that Aeneus is able to cut ties, however, one cannot be sure if the ability of Aeneus to cut ties is a positive ability or if he wrongly fractures his romance and family bonds.The concepts of fence and complimentary genders, divine mortal and immortal influence, and pagan and Christian-like theologies and belief systems all contribute to the development of the tales The Odyssey and The Aeneid as well as place meaning and focus on the heroes Odysseus and Aeneus and their travels down into the realm of the dead, giving each character definition and shape in the similarities and contrasts between the two men and their unique yet connect voyages.If Odysseus is a more ancient pagan with closer ties to the feminine and Aeneus is a more modern Christian-like figure with closer ties to the masculine, one wonders if something was gained in this historical transition or if something was lost. Works Cited Homer. The Odyssey, circa 800 BC Virgil. The Aeneid, circa 20 BC

Education and Mark Twain Tags

Live as if you were to die tomorrow. apprise as if you were to live forever. ? Mahatma Gandhi tagscarpe-diem,education,inspirational, instruction 38,294 plurality wish it similar I fork out neer permit my schooling interfere with my education. ? Mark Twain tagseducation 11,482 battalion c are it a handle You only whent joint never be overdressed or over germinated. ?Oscar Wilde tagseducation,fashion 6,803 mint want it comparable You educate a populace you educate a man. You educate a woman you educate a generation. ? Brigham Young tagseducation,feminism,men,women 3,833 great deal like it like The world is a book and those who do not travel read only peerless page. ? Augustine of Hippo tagsallegory,books,broad-mindedness,classic,education,imagery,travel,world 3,650 raft want it like fostering is the most powerful weapon which you can use to smorgasbord the world. ? Nelson Mandela tagschange,education 2,344 quite a little liked it like Whatever the cost of our libraries, the price is barefaced compared to that of an ignorant nation. ? Walter Cronkite tagseducation,ignorance,intelligence,libraries 2,006 people liked it like Education is the ability to listen to closely any amour without losing your temper or your self-confidence. ? Robert Frost tagseducation 1,846 people liked it like When you know better you do better. ?Maya Angelou tagseducation,intelligence,knowledge,wisdom 1,709 people liked it like The past has no power over the present moment. ?Eckhart Tolle tagseducation,inspirational,life,philosophy,truth,wisdom 1,564 people liked it like Education the path from cocky ignorance to miserable uncertainty. ? Mark Twain tagseducation 1,267 people liked it like Intelligence plus character-that is the goal of true education. ? Martin Luther King, Jr. tagseducation ,160 people liked it like The task of the modern educator is not to cut down jungles, merely to irrigate deserts. ? C. S. Lewis tagseducation 1,111 people liked i t like The best affaire for cosmos sad, replied Merlin, beginning to puff and blow, is to learn something. Thats the only thing that never fails. You may grow old and trembling in your anatomies, you may lie awake at night listening to the disorder of your veins, you may miss your only love, you may see the world just about you devastated by evil lunatics, or know your honour trampled in the sewers of baser minds.There is only unity thing for it whence to learn. Learn why the world wags and what wags it. That is the only thing which the mind can never exhaust, never alienate, never be tortured by, never fear or distrust, and never dream of regretting. Learning is the only thing for you. Look what a lot of things there are to learn. ? T. H. White,The Once and Future King tagscuriosity,depression,education,learning, seeing 1,045 people liked it like If you want to get laid, go to college. If you want an education, go to the library. ? Frank Zappa tagseducation,sex 1,013 people liked it ike Give a girl an education and introduce her properly into the world, and ten to matchless but she has the means of settling well, without further expense to anybody. ? Jane Austen tagseducation,women 980 people liked it like Education without values, as multipurpose as it is, seems rather to make man a more(prenominal) clever devil. ? C. S. Lewis tagscharacter-development,education,ethics 834 people liked it like Eragon looked back at him, confused. I dont understand. Of course you dont, said Brom impatiently. Thats why Im teaching you and not the otherwise way around. ?Christopher Paolini,Eragon tagseducation,humor 828 people liked it like I am not a teacher, but an awakener. ?Robert Frost tagscarpe-diem,education,inspirational,learning,mentoring 819 people liked it like In real life, I assure you, there is no such thing as algebra. ? Fran Lebowitz tagsalgebra,education,humor,mathematics 775 people liked it like Kids dont believe what you try to teach them. They remember what you are. ? Jim Henson,Its Not Easy Being Green And Other Things to Consider tagschildhood,education,learning,teaching 773 people liked it like Ideally, what should be said to every child, repeatedly, throughout his or her school life is something like this You are in the process of being indoctrinated. We have not yet evolved a system of education that is not a system of indoctrination. We are sorry, but it is the best we can do. What you are being taught here is an amalgam of current prejudice and the choices of this particular culture. The slightest look at history will show how impermanent these must be. You are being taught by people who have been able to accommodate themselves to a regime of design laid down by their predecessors.It is a self-perpetuating system. Those of you who are more robust and individual than others will be encouraged to leave and find ways of educating yourself educating your own judgements. Those that stay must remember, always, and all the time, that they are being moulded and patterned to fit into the narrow and particular needs of this particular society. ? Doris Lessing,The Golden Notebook tagsconformity,education,feminism,knowledge-power,quip,school 740 people liked it like Study without desire spoils the memory, and it retains nothing that it takes in. ? Leonardo da Vinci agseducation,schooling,university 734 people liked it like Prejudices, it is well known, are most difficult to eradicate from the marrow squash whose soil has never been loosened or fertilised by education they grow there, firm as weeds among stones. ? Charlotte Bronte,Jane Eyre tagseducation,prejudice 700 people liked it like The mind is not a vessel to be filled, but a fire to be kindled. ? Plutarch tagscuriosity,education,mentoring,mind,persuasion 669 people liked it like Without education, we are in a horrible and deadly danger of taking educated people seriously. ? G. K.Chesterton tagseducation,ignorance,indoctrination 66 7 people liked it like Often, its not about becoming a new person, but becoming the person you were meant to be, and already are, but dont know how to be. ? heathland L. Buckmaster,Box of Hair A Fairy Tale tagseducation,growth,life,self-acceptance,self-realization 664 people liked it like You know, sometimes kids get bad grades in school because the class moves too slow for them. Einstein got Ds in school. puff up guess what, I get Fs ? Bill Watterson tagscalvin-and-hobbes,comic,education,funny,school 662 people liked it like The educated disagree from the uneducated as much as the living differ from the dead. ? Aristotle tagseducation 625 people liked it like Try not to have a good time this is supposed to be educational. ? Charles M. Schulz tagseducation,humor 589 people liked it like * Home * Authors * Topics * Quote of the Day * Pictures * Top of Form Bottom of Form AuthorsABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ - Education Quotes * GridList * * Prev * 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * .. * 40 * succee ding(a) * Share220309 Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.Nelson Mandela Change,Powerful,Weapon It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without judge it. Aristotle Mind,Without,Thought A liberal education is at the heart of a civil society, and at the heart of a liberal education is the act of teaching. A. Bartlett Giamatti Society,Heart,Act An education isnt how much you have perpetrate to memory, or even how much you know. Its being able to differentiate between what you know and what you dont. Anatole France Between,Able,Memory My cause said I must always be intolerant of ignorance but understanding of lliteracy. That some people, unable(p) to go to school, were more educated and more intelligent than college professors. Maya Angelou obtain,School,Ignorance Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing that is worth knowing can be taught. Oscar Wilde Time,Nothing ,Remember Ads by Google church Online Tired of your life? Find hope at Church Online westside-family. churchonline. org Education is the ability to listen to almost anything without losing your temper or your self-confidence. Robert Frost Without,Anything,LosingEducation is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire. William butler Yeats Fire,Lighting,Filling Develop a passion for learning. If you do, you will never cease to grow. Anthony J. DAngelo Learning,Passion,Grow An investment in knowledge pays the best interest. Benjamin Franklin Knowledge,Best,Interest In the first place, God made idiots. That was for practice. Then he made school boards. Mark Twain God,School,Made The roots of education are bitter, but the reaping is sweet. Aristotle Sweet,Bitter,Roots Education is the key to unlock the golden door of freedom.George Washington Carver Freedom,Door,Key Education is not preparation for life education is life itself. John Dewey Life,Itself The only person who is educated is the one who has erudite how to learn and change. Carl Rogers Change,Person,Learned Education is the best friend. An educated person is respected everywhere. Education get the better of the beauty and the youth. Chanakya Beauty,Best,Friend He who opens a school door, closes a prison. Victor Hugo School,Door,Prison I exhausted three days a week for 10 years educating myself in the public library, and its better than college.People should educate themselves you can get a complete education for no money. At the end of 10 years, I had read every book in the library and Id written a thousand stories. Ray Bradbury Money,Myself, polish off Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance. Will Durant Ignorance,Discovery The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education. Albert Einstein Learning,Interferes It is a thousand times better to have common sense without education than to have education without common sense. Robert Green Ingersoll Better,Witho ut,SenseA human being is not attaining his full heights until he is educated. Horace Mann Human,Until, full phase of the moon Education is a better safeguard of liberty than a standing army. Edward Everett Better,Liberty,Army No one has yet realized the wealth of sympathy, the kindness and generosity hidden in the soul of a child. The struggle of every true education should be to unlock that treasure. Emma Goldman Sympathy,Kindness,True An educated person is one who has learned that information almost always turns out to be at best incomplete and very often false, misleading, fictitious, mendacious just dead wrong.Russell Baker Best,Person,Learned - Share with your Friends Share Everyone likes a good iterate dont forget to share. - Popular Authors Abraham Lincoln Albert Einstein Buddha C. S. Lewis Dalai Lama Eleanor Roosevelt Helen Keller John F. Kennedy Khalil Gibran Marilyn Monroe Mark Twain Martin Luther King, Jr. Maya Angelou Mother Teresa Oscar Wilde Ronald Reagan Socrates Thomas Jefferson William Shakespeare Winston Churchill much authors * GridList * * Prev * 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 .. * 40 * Next - Popular Topics Love Quotes Life Quotes Friendship Quotes Motivational Quotes Inspirational Quotes Success Quotes mistrustful Quotes Wisdom Quotes More topics - Get Social with BrainyQuote BrainyQuote Desktop BrainyQuote Mobile - Site Home Quote of the Day Topics Authors Pictures Professions Birthdays - Social BQ on Facebook BQ on Twitter BQ on Pinterest BQ on Google+ Syndication Quote Feed Art Quote Feed Funny Quote Feed Love Quote Feed Nature Quote Feed - About Us Our Story Inquire Advertise Submit Privacy Terms AdChoices Copyright 2001 2013 BrainyQuote BookRags Media Network - Sharing prospered Share again Youve successfully shared using Po. st Welcome to po. st Powered by Po. stPrivacy Read more athttp//www. brainyquote. com/quotes/topics/topic_education. htmlz1aYzpTLODgGBg7Q. 99

Pulse Width Modulation Final Year Project

Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 0 Background split arcsecond comprehensiveness Modulation (PWM) is a type of devices that good deal be physical exertiond as a DC aim speed controller or animated dimmer. PWM is used extensively for speed controller where power-saving activity is inviteed. This device has been used as a get speed control for sm alone DC fans, for practice session in computer power supplies. A PWM circles works by creating a square flourish with a vari subject on-to-off ratio, the average on time may be varied from 0 to coke occupation cycle.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of on time to the regular interval or period of time a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is verbalized in percent, century% being fully on. From this, a variable amount of power is transferred to the load. The main utility of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When the switch is off ther e is practically no current, and when it is on, there is almost no potential difference drop across the switch.Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is indeed in both cases close to zero. PWM as well as works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, shtup easily set the needed duty cycle. Additional advantage of PWM is that the pulses reach the full supply voltage and will produce more torque in a motor by being able to overcome the internal motor resistance easily. 1. 1 Objectives The intents of this view are 1.To develop the actual circuit of the PWM. 2. To simulate the PWM circuit in pretension parcel. 3. To use the PWM in order to control the speed of the DC motor. 1. 2 Methodology Start Title consideration, ideas Supervisor approval Components specifications and data sheets marriage proposal Drafting purpose Evaluation Project Simulation Project Presentation come near Report Submission END emblem 1. 2. 1 Flowchart of Methodo logy 1. 3 Gantt graph 1. 3. 1 Final form Project 1 WEEKSACTIVITY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 Student-supervisor-panel allocation, briefing ab come place FYP, introductions 2 Student-supervisor see arrange time, finding ideas discuss ideas, project titles 3 Student-supervisor regular meeting 4 Proposal readying 5 Proposal evaluation, meet supervisor for evaluation, things to be improved 6 Proposal set upion correct any mistakes 7 Project Development choose circuit, check availability wile 8 Proposal and progress presentation 9 Progress report writing is based on progress 10 Progress report submission submit report 1. 3. 2 Final Year Project 2 Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Tasks Buy Components Construct circuiton breadboard Troubleshoot PCB Layout see PCB Layout mark Soldering Final Report Final Presentation 1. 3. 2. 1 Aims for Final Year Project 2 1. Prepare the actual circuit diagram 2. Building and programming the PCB circuit diagram 3.Drilling the PCB and joining the components 4. interrogation the PWM circuit 5. Troubleshoot 1. 3. 2. 2 Project planning for Final Year Project 2 For the final twelvemonth project 2, we have to prepare the actual circuit based on our show result. We will construct the PCB ar dickensrk with PCB programming such as ExpressPCB, which is available for free and is surprisingly functional. Next, we have to print out the PCB artwork on a transparency. Then we cut out the printed portion of the artwork. This will define the sizing of it and shape of the PCB.To make PCBs, we can use the UV exposure method, which is only slightly more ticklish than and significantly more precise than the toner transfer method. To start out, we must cut the PCB to b e the same size as the outline of the PCB positive. First, we drew a rectangle the same dimensions of the PCB on the protective layer of UV oxidizable copper covered ibreglass board, and then cut it out using a Dremel tool equipped with a diamond wheel. We have to make sure that once we have removed the board from its protective mailboat it will not be chance upond to any UV.Fluorescent and halogen lights both output enough UV light that they will expose the board through the protective layer of plastic. Next, after we cut the UV erogenous PCB to size, we are ready to expose the board. Then we remove the protective layer to size, from the PCB right before we trust the positive on it, or else dust particles will attach to the board, which will mark the final PCB. To expose the PCB, first remove the protective layer, place the positive transparency on top of the board, and place it in the UV exposure box. An exposure time of 10-11 minutes is recommended.Now we need to drill holes in the PCB for the through-hole components. Finally, we have to solder all the components through-hole components. If the final result is not achieved when testing the final circuit, we have to run troubleshooting and find out the caper. Then, we solved the problem based on the troubleshooting after we identify the real problem. Chapter 2 Circuit Design and Operation 2. 1 Schematic diagram Figure 2. 1. 1 Schematic Diagram of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) To carry DC Motor Speed. 2. 2 Circuit operation 2. 2. 1 Flow Chart and Description Input presage DC wave) ? IC NE556 outfit distinguish (Square wave) LM311 Comparator Potentiometer ? IC NE556 Output Signal (Modulated Square wave) IRF 521 DC Motor Figure 2. 2. 1. 1 Circuit Operation Flowchart The foreplay signal is fed into first half of IC NE556. The IC NE556 will generate square wave. The wave will then go to the second half of IC NE556 and been modulated. Potentiometer will control the second half IC to produce the desired o utput. A modulated square will be generated from the second IC. This wave of current will be amplified by IRF521 and then went to the motor and spin it.The DC motor speed will depends on the magnitude of the current. Chapter 3 Project Progress 3. 0 The Project Progress and the Project Outcomes The first stage of the progress is building the circuit for the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) circuit. Then, the exceed circuit diagram is chosen for our project. A preliminary literature review about our circuit had also been done. In this project, two of the LM556, Dual 556 Timer TTL IC were used to simulate the PWM circuit. The first IC allowed the hypothesis to generate square wave while the second IC allow modulation variation.Other than that, several problems were encountered when simulating some(a) part of the circuit. This is due to in manage library component of the simulation software such as the inadequacy of LM556 IC in the first place. This was because the wrong type of licence of the software was selected. After a a few(prenominal) trials and some changes of the circuit diagram for simulation, and with the right licence for the software, the PWM circuit was successfully simulated. Figure 1. 1 expect DC square wave (output) Results Input Signal of 1st half of IC NE556 Output Signal of 2nd half of IC NE556Calculation from theory Thigh= 0. 7(RA+RC)C Thigh= 0. 7(1M+1K) (0. 05) = 0. 035s/35ms Tlow= 0. 7 RB C Tlow= 0. 7 (1K) (0. 05) = 3. 510-5s/ 0. 035 ms Values from simulation Thigh= 38ms Tlow= 42 s/ 0. 042 m Input Signal of 2nd half of IC NE556 Output Signal of 2nd half IC NE556 (A=0%, B=0%) (A=0%, B=10%) (A=0%, B=50%) (A=0% B=100%) Calculation from theory Thigh= 1. 1 RA C Rated Current From Simulation (A=0%, B=0%)I=45. 842mA(A=0%, B=10%)I=132. 953mA (A=0%, B=50%)I=406. 541mA(A=0% B=100%)I=4. 121A Table of Motor Speed Slow Speed Fast 0% Value of Potentiometer B 100% 0. 2077ms T high (ON time) 7. l79ms 132. 95mA Rated Current 4. 121A 12V Rated Voltage (Const ant) 12V Since voltage is constant, the higher the current supplied, the faster the motor would spin. Chapter 4 4. 0 The Problems Encountered CASE 1 FINDING SUITABLE SIMULATION SOFTWARE The PWM circuit uses two of LM556 IC. The first LM556 will convert DC input signal into square wave. Before doing the hardware of the project, the software need to be simulated first to check whether the circuit diagram is correct or need some adjustment.Because of this, finding the suitable simulation software had become a problem encounter to stopping point the project. List below show example name of otherwise(a) simulation software that can be used to run any the software simulation for the project 1. TINA 2. OrCAD Capture 3. genus Proteus either of the other simulation software above can be use to run the simulation for this project simply some of them were not suitable. As an example the TINA software were not used because of the unfamiliarity and the complexity of the software.The projec t also cannot be simulated using the OrCAD Capture since there were a large number of library which does not have simulation installed. This make it unsuitable since this project required to be simulated. Meanwhile PROTEUS software was not used because of the difficult interface that complicate the user or in other words not user-friendly. CASE 2 WRONG LICENCE OF SIMULATION SOFTWARE After MULTISIM had been installed, a situation was encountered where the library components are not assoil or some of the components are not available.If this problem prolonged, the circuit cannot be designed in the software. Some measures had been taken to find the solution but the problems remedy persist. There are some types of licence that accompanied for MULTISIM, which are 1Power PRO translation 2Full Edition 3Student Edition 4Education PKG Edition 5Base Edition At first, the Full Edition licence was installed. When the circuit was being designed, a haulage of components were unavailable. Ever y aspect of the software was checked, but no problem related to the software was detected. The MULTISIM software was flawlessly installed in the computer. . 1 Solutions for Every Problem CASE 1 resultant USE MULTISIM SOFTWARE The simulation can be done by using simulation programmed like TINA, Proteus, or OrCAD Capture. Unfortunately, all of these simulation programmed mentioned above have problems as explained before. Without a proper simulation, it is hard to detect any problems that exist in the design of the circuit. Finally, MULTISIM is chosen as the simulation program. MULTISIM was suitable for simulation of the Pulse Width Modulation circuit. MULTISIM has all the required components in its component library.Hence, all the components can be place in the circuit to complete it. Simulation can be done easily by using MULTISIM. All the results being open by using this programmed. Expected results are the PWM wave which will control the motor. CASE 2 SOLUTION WRONG LICENCE OF SIMULATION SOFTWARE This problem was easily encountered by reinstalling licence of the right type. In this case, PowerPro Edition licence type was required. After it has been reinstalled, all the components are unlocked. Hence, the process of designing the circuit in the simulation software continued, and simulation process succeed.Chapter 5 Conclusion For this semester, the project progress was successful until the simulation. Hence, the simulation needs to be done correctly according to the circuit so that expected result can be obtained. The circuit diagram for PWM to Control DC Motor Speed has been successfully designed. Thus, the first objective has been achieved. The progress of the project works efficiently if the project followed accordingly to the Gantt chart made at the origin of the project. The Gantt chart contains all the important steps that need to be followed in rder to finish the project successfully. All the steps in the Gantt chart been mentioned with respective date. Hence, there should be no problem during Final Year Project 1 when all works were being done according directly to the Gantt chart. The simulation for PWM to Control DC Motor Speed had been done by using simulation program, MULTISIM. MULTISIM provides all the necessary components to complete the simulation for the PWM circuit. Since the output should be a DC motor or a DC fan, it was replaced with scope or Multimeter to observe the changes that occur in the simulation.This shows that choosing MULTISIM is the smart choice to run the simulation because of the advantages and the ease of use that this simulation program has. REFERENCES 1. Motor Speed Controller, retrieved from http//homepages. which. net/paul. hills/SpeedControl/SpeedControllersBody. hypertext mark-up language 2. 4QD-TEC Electronics Circuits Reference Archive PWM speed control, retrieved from http//www. 4qdtec. com/pwm-01. html 3. PWM Motor Speed Controller / DC Light Dimmer, retrieved from http//www. solorb. c om/elect/solarcirc/pwm1/ 4. PWM DC Motor Controller, retrieved from http//picprojects. org. uk/projects/ppc/index. htm

Helping the Less Fortunate Essay

If I were a president of an physical composition, that made millions of dollars all(prenominal) year I would create an electric agreement within my organization that caters to the less fortunate. My organization would help to omit community dour of the streets and give them a displace to live, feeding the stateless in soup kitchens eyepatch passing out clothing, and also funding the education of those who cannot afford it.I believe that taking random hatful off of the streets and giving them a place to live is very important. As president of a million dollar a year business, I would definitely give the homeless a place to live. For example, I would send people out into the streets to search for random homeless people. I would pay for motels for a single person for a month and two for families because there atomic number 18 much more people to provide for. I will not just give people a place to delay I would also find jobs for them. The jobs whitethorn be low paying, but it will help the homeless to get off of the streets. This may not help everyone, but it will take many off of the streets.Opening a soup kitchen will definitely increase my interaction with the little people. I think that having actual former poor people serve the poor is what will set my organization apart from others. I would do this because I know that the servers will connect with the poor on a personal and emotional level. This will hold back that the servers are very passionate about what they are doing. As president of the organization, I would also personally serve the homeless food while interacting with them to make them touch comfortable. I would ensure that they guard faith that one day things will get better. Also, I would uplift clothing and give to the homeless while feeding them. This will give them food on their have and clothes on their back. The clothes may not be in the best condition, but something is always better than nothing. My organization would also stress the importance of education. I believe that education is everything.I would ensure that everyone that enters my program have a very fortunate future. I would go into high develops and find that are below the exiguity line. I will not stress the GPA of an individual. The person may have had to leave school for a period of time to help provide for his or her family. Although finding these individuals may be difficult, I am sure the process will run smoothly with the help of the school staff. I would focus on students that have the drive to want to go to college. I may be funding the education, but I will need the students full cooperation. The individuals will have to provide documents proving that he or she is has little income, or receiving no income at all.My organ will provide funding for everything that an individual needs to attend college. This will include tuition, books, meal plans, housing and anything else the child needs for school. These procedures will be taken to ensure that the students have no worries while engage an education. It is very important to give back to the little people. Providing, shelter, jobs, food, clothes and education will shine poverty. This may not benefit the majority, but it will at least help some people out. Every homeless person that receives help counts. A million dollar a year organization would definitely remove many people at least a step away from the poverty line.

Review of Related Literatures and Studies Essay

Local Studies unitary of the past local studies that is relevant to our research was made way back 2009. I think it has something to help in our current issues about our researches. On December 5, 2009, Mapua Institute of Technology finalized their research named The effects of data processor Addiction to the Academic Performances of Mapua Institute of Technology First year Students. It seems like familiar or should I say Same Title but in our research we include Computer Games Addiction and as well its effect on academician performance on selected freshmen CCIS students. This research was made by 4 Mapua Students. In their research, they interviewed 16 first year students about study habits and computer fleeceion.As the survey results, 11 participants were classify computer addicts. The results of that survey back 2009 showed that computer addicts spends to a greater extent time playing computer than studying. Their research alike concluded that computer addiction have lead st udents to have a declining grade on their academic performances of first year students in the said University. With the help of this past research, we can make our research stronger and more useful. It will give us more information and ideas that are related to what are the goals we want to achieve.Philline Kate Vera C. Palaa, Juan Paolo D. Rabacio,Marjorie Maralit, Nidia P.D.C. Andrade. The-Effects-of-Computer-Addiction-to-the-Academic-Performances-of-Mapua-Institute-of-Technology-First-Year-Students. 5 December 2009. http//www.scribd.com. .Local LiteratureVideo games will ruin your childrens future- Cesar Tolentino, a grocery store Research Analyst and Consultant here in the Philippines. In his blog/ article on http//www.gdap.org.ph, where the gloss of his featured blog is Turning the tide Changing the Filipino Outlook Towards Gaming. He tell there that there are cases of overuse and abuse among gamers for online games in the country, we should advocate responsible gaming. In t his case, many students failed in their academic performance because of too much playing or becoming addict in computer games.He stated also, Its all a matter of mind conditioning. a great deal those who became so addicted to games and suffered low grades or failures in school also have family problems. Responsible gamers do it their priorities. There are actually many valedictorians and deans listers who play video and computer games too. I think this will help us in finding the reason why many students pass off playing computer games at all.Tolentino, Cesar. features/turning-the-tide-changing-the-filipino-outlook-towards-gaming/. 6 July 2011. http//www.gdap.org.ph. .

STATUS OF WOMEN IN ISLAM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

STATUS OF WOMEN IN ISLAM - Essay ExampleSome primitive traditional practices that we see in Islamic societies today is more a cultural norm than a religious one. A hardly a(prenominal) extreme examples are female genital mutilation and forced marriages. More mundane practices include the prohibition of wowork force from crusade cars, etc. These rules cannot be traced to Islamic literature.The edicts in Koran are equally applicable to both hands and women. According to Islam, on the moral scale, both men and women are deemed equal. Islam does not discriminate between the condition of men or women. The dynamic of a marital relationship requires that public has authority in original matters. It is incorrect to assume that this implies a lower status for women. It says,Man and Woman were created of a single consciousness and are moral equals in the sight of God. The rights and responsibilities of a woman are equal to those of a man but they are not necessarily identical with them . Equality and sameness are two kind of different things. This difference is understandable because man and woman are not identical but they are created equals. This is especially true as it is almost impossible to find even two identical men or women. (Jafar)According to the Koran, men and women are units of a pair. When both are taken independent of distributively other, there are certain obvious vacuums in the emotional, physical and psychological personalities of individually. The Koran further goes on to say that God has created the two in such a way that they are complementary to each other in different ways, so that these vacuums are generally removed to a great extent. For this genuinely purpose, God gave different mental, physical and emotional qualities to the male and the female of the species. These different mental, physical and psychological qualities, on the one hand complement man and woman, and on the other establishes for them different facets of activity in th eir